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| | Underemployment - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | The third definition of "underemployment" describes a polar opposite phenomenon: to some economists, the term refers to "overstaffing" or "hidden unemployment," the practice of businesses or entire economies employing workers who are not fully occupied i.e. | | | At such times, underemployment of workers may be tolerated — and indeed may be wise business policy — given the financial cost and the degradation of morale from shedding and then re-hiring staff. | | | This "GDP gap" and the degree of underemployment of labor would be larger if they incorporated the roles of underemployed labor, involuntary part-time labor, and discouraged workers. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underemployment
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| | Resolution concerning the measurement of underemployment and inadequate employment situations - Statistics |
| | (a) a rate of time-related underemployment may be calculated as the ratio between the population in time-related underemployment and in employment. | | | Acknowledging that the relevance of underemployment and inadequate employment situations in a given country depends on the nature of its labour markets and that the decision to measure one or both of these is therefore determined by national circumstances; | | | Underemployment reflects underutilization of the productive capacity of the employed population, including those which arise from a deficient national or local economic system. |
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http://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/stat/res/underemp.htm
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| | SurfWax: News, Reviews and Articles On Underemployment |
| | Underemployment is another serious concern, affecting a much larger part of the population and causing a high percentage of the workforce to be poor... | | | Unemployment and underemployment are the leading causes of hunger, the report said, with high housing costs, medical costs, substance abuse and high utility costs also playing a role. | | | But problems such as underemployment of recent immigrants, which, according to the Conference Board of Canada is costing the economy at least $2-billion a year, continue to exist for many newcomers, Ms. |
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http://news.surfwax.com/economics/files/Underemployment.html
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| | BankruptcyNews.org:: Underemployment |
| | Likewise, the stagnating wages and underemployment in this market leave workers without health insurance, which drains the hospital budget and raises taxes. | | | ...had circumvented the high-priority problems of crony capitalism, fiscal deficit, sky-high debt, stagnating wage, unemployment, underemployment, inflation as... | | | "Underemployment never gets counted and it tends to occur in markets where education and income levels are higher," he said. |
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http://www.bankruptcynews.org/terms/finance/Underemployment.html
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| | Halfbakery: Underemployment Insurance |
| | Underemployment insurance pays you when you are underemployed. | | | None of this would be a problem if, instead of funding rediculous wars in odd corners of the earth, major countries (most especially the USA) would spend that money to provide every citizen with guaranteed food, water, education, basic clothing and shelter. | | | We have unemployment insurance, why not underemployment insurance? |
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http://www.halfbakery.com/idea/Underemployment_20Insurance
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| | Labour Market Trends: Underemployment and overemployment in the UK |
| | The number of underemployed people as a percentage of all in the labour force and the amount of hours they are available to work provide an insight into the degree to which labour resources are available and utilised in the economy. | | | The terms underemployment and timerelated underemployment will be used interchangeably in the remainder of this article. | | | The standard theory of labour supply assumes that individuals choose their optimal number of hours and that employment opportunities are likely to be evenly distributed across the hours distribution. |
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http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3999/is_200208/ai_n9121004
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| | National Longitudinal Surveys |
| | The results show that the risk of underemployment varies from year to year; however, as the year progresses, high-risk underemployment is the lowest compared to the other two types of underemployment risk. | | | The controversy regarding unemployment measures in the mid-1970s has caused the measurement of underemployment to be the only labor statistic measurement mandated by the Congress (Pub. | | | However, the availability of some observed variables means a latent variable of underemployment risks could be produced. |
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http://www.chrr.ohio-state.edu/nls-bib/qtitle.php3?myrow[0]=3414
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| | Resolution concerning measurement and analysis of underemployment and underutilisation of manpower - Statistics |
| | Special attention might be paid to underemployment in economic sectors, in regions and for worker categories particularly affected by underemployment and which constitute acute problems in national conditions Pertinent examples are peasant farming, especially in developing countries other smaller establishments, economically lagging regions, declining industries, e.g. | | | Countries undertaking inquiries and analyses of different forms of invisible underemployment, especially in relation to agriculture in developing countries, are urged to report their experience to the International Labour Office in order that these methods of study may be considered by a future International Conference of Labour Statisticians. | | | In addition to those persons who are in the current labour force but whose contribution to the incomes of their families and to the national product is limited by unemployment or underemployment, there are in many countries persons who are not in the labour force but who would enter it under certain circumstances. |
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http://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/stat/res/measund.htm
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| | Ecuador - Employment Indicators and Benefits |
| | Figures for unemployment and underemployment varied and were considered unreliable, but analysts agreed that both problems increased during the 1980s. | | | The government set minimum wages and increased them frequently to keep abreast of inflation and devaluations of the currency. | | | Workers also benefited from legislation making it difficult to fire employees. |
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http://www.countrystudies.us/ecuador/43.htm
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| | FREE In-depth report - Underemployment And Unemployment - Hungary |
| | In addition, an enterprise tax based on average wages encouraged managers to pad their payrolls with low-paid, redundant employees who worked at or near full capacity only during the closing weeks of a plan period when pressure to meet targets was most intense. | | | Until the late 1980s, the leadership stubbornly clung to the principle of full employment, and employment rolls swelled because, as a consequence of low wages, it was more cost effective to employ human labor than install labor-saving equipment or implement other efficiency measures. | | | In the late 1980s, the government shelved the principle of full employment and enacted measures, including new bankruptcy and tax laws, to induce enterprises to use labor and other resources more efficiently (see Economic Regulators, this ch.). |
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http://www.exploitz.com/Hungary-Underemployment-And-Unemployment-cg.php
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| | Economic Snapshots |
| | Thus, the gap between unemployment and underemployment went from a low of 2.8 percentage points in January 2000 to 4.2 points in March 2003. | | | Since unemployment bottomed out in December 2000, it has increased by 1.9 percentage points, while underemployment is up by 3.1 points. | | | A more comprehensive measure of labor utilization is underemployment. |
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http://www.epinet.org/printer.cfm?id=1382&content_type=1&nice_name=webfeatures_snapshots_archive_04232003
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| | ARC Research Reports |
| | Underemployment and labor force participation rates both reveal better than unemployment the higher degree of labor market surplus in Appalachia compared to the United States as a whole. | | | To help get a more complete picture of local labor markets in Appalachia, the Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC) Region commissioned this study to generate county-level measures of labor force participation and underemployment rates. Both labor force participation and underemployment are broader measures of labor market surplus than unemployment. | | | In 1998, evaluated by the unemployment rate, Appalachian labor market performance was similar to that for the nation as a whole — 4.8 percent versus 4.6 percent. |
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http://www.arc.gov/index.do?nodeId=1195
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| | Haas Center for Business Research & Economic Development |
| | The largest problem with these measurements of underemployment however is that they are neither mutually exclusive nor exhaustive. | | | Workers earning much lower-than average wages fall into this category and are considered underemployed due to the notion that they could be re-trained and then re-hired in much higher paying jobs. | | | This category encompasses individuals who have more education, training or expertise than their current job requires. |
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http://www.cbred.uwf.edu/article.asp?articleID=50
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| | Social Costs of Underemployment |
| | We need to be more aware, as a nation, of the high rate of underemployment and its serious social costs if we are to have an informed electorate ready to address alternative economic policies offered by our leaders. | | | First, to the labor statisticians, we urge the reporting of an overall underemployment rate that includes discouraged workers and inadequate employment as well as traditional unemployment so we can see how well our economy is really doing. | | | So national or regional economic policies and processes can affect the number of people who are at risk for the social costs of underemployment. |
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http://www.seweb.uci.edu/users/cddooley/book.html
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| | 2000 Yılı Hanehalkı İşgücü Anketi Sonuçları |
| | Another concept is underemployment which becomes as important as unemployment. | | | When the ratio of underemployment within the labour force was examined by | | | The ratio of underemployment among educated young people within the |
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http://www.die.gov.tr/english/SONIST/ISGUCU/280302ei.htm
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| | The Education-Jobs Gap: Underemployment or Economic Democracy |
| | According to recent International Labor Organization reports, about a third of the global workforce or 1 billion people are unemployed or underemployed, the highest percentage since the Great Depression of the 1930s (ILO 1996). | | | The more democratic options that define stakeholder capitalism and especially economic democracy offer real practical prospects for reducing underemployment by permitting more people to apply and benefit from their currently economically wasted human knowledge. | | | It is conceivable that global corporations could narrow the education-jobs gap for core expert employees within their own increasingly productive and interactive learning enterprises, while underemployment continues to proliferate in the world at large. |
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http://leo.oise.utoronto.ca/~dlivingstone/ejgap
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| | Income insecurity and underemployment in Indonesia's informal sector |
| | First, contrary to popular belief in Indonesia, only about 12 percent of the workforce in the informal sector (not 40 percent) and even less in the formal sector is underemployed. | | | How serious are the problems of income insecurity and underemployment in Indonesia? | | | The full report is available on the World Bank FTP server |
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http://www.eldis.org/static/DOC3733.htm
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| | roanoke.com - Business Stories -Underemployment |
| | On one hand, economic developers sell the underemployed work force as an untapped resource for potential employers who might worry that Roanoke's low unemployment rate suggests a small pool of workers. | | | But getting a grip on it could be the Rosetta stone for those who are balancing positive local economic indicators with the threat of stagnating growth and loss of professional-caliber jobs. | | | Although most have no choice but to take any job to make car payments and buy groceries, some think the quality of life in Roanoke may actually contribute to stagnant economic growth. |
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http://www.roanoke.com/business/9933.html
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| | Underemployment: the de-skilling of young people |
| | Bad as this is, it implies a further problem: a similarly large percentage of underemployment. | | | “For increasing numbers of school leavers underemployment in part-time jobs in the service sector has become the only alternative to unemployment or further study”, writes Munro. | | | In its own way, this can be as discouraging as complete joblessness. |
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http://www.greenleft.org.au/back/1992/80/80p7b.htm
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| | Underemployment at 18.9 per cent |
| | But according to CofFEE's calculations this rate is seriously underestimated and the actual rate of underutilisation in the economy is much higher. | | | The University of Newcastle's Centre of Full Employment and Equity (CofFEE) Labour Market Indicators calculate the "underemployment" rate at 18.9 per cent. | | | Professor Mitchell argues that Government job creation is needed to move Australia to full employment. |
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http://www.newcastle.edu.au/news/media-releases/2001/MITCHELLcoffeeindicators2001.htm
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| | underemployment and Stock Trading at TradeStars + Stock Trading |
| | A day trade is the purchase and sale (or short sale and purchase) of the same security on the same day in a single underemployment account. | | | underemployment involves aggressive trading, and generally you will pay underemployment commissions on each trade. | | | services, which allow underemployment to place their orders over the Internet. |
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http://www.tradestars.com/content/underemployment.asp
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| | underemployment Definition |
| | While not technically unemployed, the underemployed are often competing for available jobs. | | | Learn the basics about the Federal Reserve, The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC), and how monetary policy is used to target interest rates to avoid inflation and slow economic growth. | | | A situation in which a worker is employed, but not in the desired capacity, whether in terms of compensation, hours, or level of skill and experience. |
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http://www.investorwords.com/5835/underemployment.html
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| | CPI Up Less Than Expected |
| | Now that that economy has started to expand more definitively, both unemployment and underemployment in Hong Kong may well dissipate more consistently. | | | Hong Kong Employment Rises, But Underemployment Still High | | | Select Labor Market Indicators (%, except where noted) |
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http://www.haver.com/COMMENT/040617x.htm
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| | Coping with debt, underemployment |
| | If you do not have enough income left to pay your credit card bills, ask your creditors to lower your interest rate or place you on a hardship program. | | | It is tempting to cover gaps in income and expenses with credit. | | | Due to corporate layoffs, the dotcom bust and company mergers the job market is flooded with educated, qualified people and there are not enough positions to go around. |
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http://www.bankrate.com/goocan/news/debt/20030829a1.asp
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| | underemployment historical data |
| | Now I found what had underemployment historical data developed by accounting with crap. | | | They've been gradual, and load Sys admin account is down. | | | And supervising the mucous which specifies the high standards: Shit. |
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http://underemployment-historical-data.jo.cyberdomino.com
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| | SupportPath.com: Unemployment / Underemployment |
| | Books about Unemployment / Underemployment and Related Topics... | | | Description: Information on stress management, financial management and crisis counseling from University of Missouri Outreach and Extension. | | | Description: Extensive article from the Canadian Mental Health Association Newfoundland and Labrador Division with information on job loss stages, stress and time management, and job search skills and strategies. |
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http://www.supportpath.com/sl_u/unemployment.htm
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| | Underemployment Among Postdoctorates |
| | One questionnaire item asked the respondents whether they consider their current positions as underemployment. | | | Underemployment is a difficult concept to define and to measure. | | | Most postdoctorates are working in their field of degree; the vast majority find their work professionally challenging and feel that their positions require a doctorate-level education. |
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http://www.aip.org/statistics/trends/reports/underemp/under.htm
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| | deseretnews.com Feeling overqualified? Problem may be particularly bad in Utah |
| | Federal and state governments don't officially measure underemployment like they measure unemployment. | | | "Underemployment typically refers to a situation where individuals have the training, knowledge, skills and abilities to perform a job that is greater than the job they currently hold," said David Cherrington, professor of organizational behavior at Brigham Young University. | | | Researchers at the University of South Carolina in 2002 looked at 517 executives who lost their jobs as a result of downsizing and found replacement jobs that paid less, were at lower levels in the corporate hierarchy and did not fully utilize their skills. |
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http://www.deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,595056634,00.html
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| | Underemployment Persons |
| | Most of these workers are in agriculture (7,900), but there are significant numbers in construction, manufacturing, retail trade, services, and government, each sector containing more than 600 workers. | | | Estimated at 8,900 persons, 60 percent of commuters work in the four highest-wage industry sectors of construction, manufacturing, transportation, and government. | | | However, little else regarding this population can be determined given available data. |
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http://www.ysedc.org/business_assistance/workforce_availability/underemployedpersons.htm
(284 words)
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| | Nepal - LABOR |
| | The availability of nonagricultural employment opportunities in the labor force was reported at approximately 600,000 positions in 1981. | | | Underemployment for all of Nepal was reported to range from 25 to 40 percent in 1987; unemployment nationally stood at 5 percent. | | | Because of limited industrialization, unemployment and particularly underemployment were quite high. |
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http://www.countrystudies.us/nepal/40.htm
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| | EMIRE: GREECE - UNDEREMPLOYMENT |
| | Invisible underemployment is identified mainly by low competitiveness, productivity and efficiency and found in sectors which are traditional, function under some form of protectionism, or are marginal (e.g. | | | The term is also applied to cases unconnected with time, where employees perform work not commensurate with their training or special skills. | | | Situation where the employee is obliged to work for less than the normal working hours owing to a shortage of work. |
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http://www.eurofound.eu.int/emire/GREECE/UNDEREMPLOYMENT-GR.html
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| | CRIEFF Discussion Paper Number 9822 |
| | These effects therefore influence firms' marginal revenues and also the condition of existence for underemployment. | | | It studies the link between underemployment at all wages and feedback effects due to firms' activities. | | | Despite the Keynesian results obtained in several static models, we strengthen a previous result demonstrated in an overlapping generations model with given price expectations: underemployment at all wages may only exist when the economy contains a single product market, i.e. |
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http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/crieff/dp9822.html
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| | The Effective Labor Force in Kansas: Employment, Unemployment, and Underemployment - Executive Summary |
| | The underemployed have more education than the employed. | | | Of the underemployed group, the mismatched workers have the most education and the part-time workers who want full-time jobs have the least education. | | | Because of significant overlap among the last three categories of underemployed, the total percentage of underemployed is less than the sum of the categories of the underemployed. |
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http://www.ku.edu/cwis/units/pri/resrep/r227.htm
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| | Table of contents for Library of Congress control number 2003043948 |
| | Table of contents for The social costs of underemployment : inadequate employment as disguised unemployment / David Dooley, JoAnn Prause. | | | Library of Congress subject headings for this publication: Underemployment, Underemployment Health aspects, Underemployment Psychological aspects | | | Table of contents for Library of Congress control number 2003043948 |
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http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/cam031/2003043948.html
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| | 08 AAC 30.064. Hiring Preference For Residents of Zone of Underemployment |
| | (b) For a public-funded project, the percentage of positions which must be reserved under AS for eligible residents, in a craft or occupation subject to a hiring preference, is the percentage that would result in a determination under (a) of this section that the area was not a zone of underemployment. | | | The department will compute the percentage for an occupation or craft and announce it after the determination under (a) of this section is made. | | | You can also go to The Alaska Legal Resource Center or search the entire website. |
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http://www.touchngo.com/lglcntr/akstats/AAC/Title08/Chapter030/Section064.htm
(321 words)
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| | BH Careers International - Underemployment |
| | Career Shift Offers experience-based advice on military retirement career transition. | | | Once considered unacceptable to the career-minded, underemployment has become increasingly common. | | | Are you afraid that the recent economic downturn has left you underemployed? |
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http://www.underemployment.net/resources.html
(714 words)
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| | Amazon.ca: Books: Theories of Poverty and Underemployment |
| | Use Your Account to view or change your orders | | | Look for books like Theories of Poverty and Underemployment by subject: | | | Top of Page : Theories of Poverty and Underemployment |
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http://www.amazon.ca/exec/obidos/ASIN/0669892688
(70 words)
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| | Underemployment and Overwork (Research Note 27 1999-2000) |
| | For the purpose of this analysis, the definition of underemployment is that used by the Australian Bureau of Statistics. | | | Underemployment in Australia rose significantly in response to the 1982-83 and 1990-91 recessions. | | | An underemployment rate is calculated by expressing the number of underemployed as a proportion of the labour force. |
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http://www.aph.gov.au/library/pubs/rn/1999-2000/2000rn27.htm
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| | IT Professionals Association of America, Inc - Unemployment stuck at high level of 5.6% |
| | Specifically, the total underemployment rate was 9.6% in June 2004, up from 9.4% in November 2001 when the recovery began, and far higher than the 7.3% in March 2001 when the recession began. | | | Unfortunately, underemployment in the form of involuntary part-time work, discouraged workers, and other marginally attached workers (i.e., those who have looked for work in the last year but are not counted as unemployed) has increased. | | | The employment growth that began in September 2003 has not been vigorous enough to reduce unemployment, which has remained at 5.6% since January 2004, the same rate as when the recovery began in November 2001 and far higher than the 4.2% levelwhen the recession began in March 2001. |
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http://www.itpaa.org/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=926
(169 words)
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| | Underemployment Equilibria - Cambridge University Press |
| | Underemployment equilibria: from theory to economics and policy; Part II. | | | At the theoretical level, the author has contributed to the formulation and analysis of general equilibrium models which allow for price rigidities and excess supply and lend themselves to econometric implementation, thus represents an attempt to integrate micro- and macroeconomics, and to use theory for empirical and policy purposes. |
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http://uk.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521435242
(235 words)
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| | Career Change Advice from Monster.com - What Can You Do About Underemployment? - Career Change Advice from Monster.com |
| | The purpose of this article is to both provide information and facilitate general dialogue about various employment-related topics. | | | You can, and in the 2000s, many employers have foisted underemployment on their workers by handing them ever-larger portions of the same work without granting them higher responsibilities. | | | Underemployment in its most insidious form -- a dearth of meaningful career challenges -- is a long-standing problem for millions of American workers. |
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http://change.monster.com/articles/underemployment
(803 words)
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| | Map & Graph: Countries by Labor: Unemployment rate |
| | 3.5% officially registered; large number of unregistered or underemployed workers; the International Labor Organization calculates that Ukraine's real unemployment level is around 9-10 percent (2004 est.) | | | widespread unemployment and underemployment; more than two-thirds of the labor force do not have formal jobs (2002 est.) | | | 2% officially registered unemployed; large number of underemployed workers (2004) |
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http://www.nationmaster.com/graph-T/lab_une_rat&int=-1
(483 words)
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| | The Extent and Consequences of Underemployment in Australia |
| | The Extent and Consequences of Underemployment in Australia | | | Underemployment is more frequently associated with part-time employment for females, but for males is more frequently associated with full-time employment. | | | Models estimated of the effects of underemployment on outcomes imply that, while unemployment clearly has greater adverse consequences, underemployment is nonetheless associated with significant detrimental effects on the outcomes examined. |
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http://ideas.repec.org/p/iae/iaewps/wp2004n16.html
(638 words)
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| | CollegeGrad.com - Underemployment Affects 18 Percent of Entry Level Job Seekers |
| | “The net result is that there are a large number of underemployed entry level job seekers still looking for their first entry level job in their field of study.” | | | The survey found that while many recent graduates are working, they are in a job that doesn't match their degree or their skill set — they are classically underemployed. | | | MILWAUKEE, WI--September 9, 2004--18 percent of recent college grad job seekers are underemployed, according to a recent survey of college graduates by the #1 entry level job site, CollegeGrad.com. |
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http://www.collegegrad.com/press/underemployed.shtml
(874 words)
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| | The Top 10 Things About Underemployment |
| | "Underemployment" means when a job requires less than a person's full potential as determined by his or her education, training and skills. | | | About 25% of the workforce is currently underemployed. | | | Approximately 26% of the labor force has a college degree. |
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http://www.topten.org/public/AC/AC196.html
(165 words)
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| | Total Underemployment |
| | For the purposes of this report, an underemployment person is one who is employed, but can be encouraged to work at another job at the market rate of compensation. | | | This report identifies four categories of underemployed persons who may be perfect candidates for your business: | | | Persons who are working more than one job. |
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http://www.ysedc.org/business_assistance/workforce_availability/totalunderemployment.htm
(178 words)
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