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| | Morrill tariff - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | A de facto constitutional mandate that tariffs lie on the lower end of the Laffer relationship means that the Confederacy went beyond simply observing that a given tax revenue is obtainable with a "high" and "low" tax rate, a la Alexander Hamilton and others. | | | Two additional Morrill tariffs, each one higher, were passed to raise urgently needed revenue during the war. | | | The immediate effect of the Morrill Tariff was to more than double the tax collected on most dutiable items entering the United States. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morrill_tariff
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| | PPI: Tariffs Are 1 Percent Of Total Tax Revenues |
| | The cost of the system for families is much more than this, though, since tariff costs are magnified by retail markups and sales taxes. | | | In 2004, tariff collection was $21 billion, just over 1 percent of the total $1,800 billion in American government revenue. | | | The wartime search for revenue left tariff rates higher, but had also created other permanent new revenue policies that reduced the relative importance of tariffs.) Brandeis, appearing as perhaps the first "consumer advocate" in American trade debates, argued that the tariff system was unfair to families and poor people. |
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http://www.ppionline.org/ppi_ci.cfm?contentID=253504&knlgAreaID=108&subsecID=127&FREM=Y&sid=21573&mid=14181
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| | Tariff of 1913 |
| | The new tariff act also provided for the reinstitution of a federal income tax as a means to compensate for anticipated lost revenue because of the reduction of tariff duties. | | | Wilson spoke only briefly, but made it clear that tariff reform was needed and that he would not be a party to a repeat of the embarrassment of the thwarted reform of 1894. | | | It would require only a few years for the federal income tax to become the chief source of income for the government, far outdistancing tariff revenues. |
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http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1053.html
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| | Tariff Commission |
| | Therefore, when the Tariff Board shall make its report in December on wool and cotton, I expect to submit to Congress recommendations, based on their report, for a revision of both schedules. | | | I recognize the general demand throughout the country for a general reduction of duties so far as that reduction can be made consistent with the maintenance of a measure of protection that shall enable the industries of the country to live. | | | This Board has already cost $300,000 or $400,000, and has not given to Congress any information to aid in revision of the tariff. |
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http://history.osu.edu/Projects/1912/Tariff/tariffCommission.htm
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| | Theme 6, Lesson 1, Activity 2 |
| | Author of the Underwood Tariff Bill, which lowered tariffs. | | | In 1894 proposed the Wilson Tariff Bill, which included an income tax provision. | | | The bill included an income tax provision, the first to be written under the 16th Amendment. |
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http://www.irs.gov/app/understandingTaxes/servlet/IWT6L1acs2
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| | HarpWeek Elections Issues |
| | Most tariff reformers advocated lowering tariff rates so that they were only high enough to raise revenue for the federal government. | | | Trade reformers countered that high tariff rates benefited only narrow economic interests at the expense of others segments of the U.S. economy, inflated the prices consumers paid for goods (thus increasing the cost of living), hampered the national economy, and increased international tension. | | | In 1897, they enacted the Dingley Tariff Act, which raised the average rate to 46% (from the previous 41%). |
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http://elections.harpweek.com/issues-2.htm
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| | Underwood Tariff, 1914 |
| | Cut tariff rate by the largest percentage in decades |
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http://www.harwich.edu/depts/history/pp/Prog/sld032.htm
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| | United States History: The Gilded Age (1890) to World War I |
| | Under Wilson's guidance and urging, Congress in 1913 passed the Underwood Tariff Act, which provided for a general decrease in the Payne-Aldrich tariff schedules and for an income tax to bring in sufficient revenue to compensate for any loss in national revenue occasioned by the lower tariff duties. | | | Although pledged to a tariff for revenue only, Congress yielded to the desires of senators devoted to protecting the interests of large corporations or trusts by passing another high protective tariff. | | | It also passed the McKinley Tariff Act, which raised the already high protective duties and resulted in higher prices for many household commodities. |
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http://www.emayzine.com/lectures/Gilded~1.htm
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| | [No title] |
| | The Underwood Act established a sliding income tax of up to six percent for the highest income levels. | | | Revenue lost by the reduction in the tax on imports was made up by an income tax. | | | Oscar Underwood introduced a bill in the House to lower tariffs enough to bring American firms into competition with European firms. |
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http://arapaho.nsuok.edu/~agnew/Taft-Wilson-HO.htm
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| | Cameron R. Hume ,Speeches, Remarks, Foreign relations, Foreign policy, United States South Africa Relations |
| | Similarly, the tariff cuts resulting from NAFTA were equivalent to a $210 tax cut for the same household. | | | The Uruguay Round tariff cuts were thus similar to a $310 tax cut for an average household of four. | | | The Council of Economic Advisors in the United States has estimated that the full implementation of the Uruguay Round benefits will mean global income rises of $171 billion to $214 billion in 1992 dollars. |
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http://usembassy.state.gov/southafrica/wwwham6p.html
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| | PBS - The American Experience: Woodrow Wilson Wilson- A Portrait |
| | The first successful downward revision of the tariff since the Civil War, the Underwood-Simmons Tariff Act enacted an across-the-board reduction in tariffs, making manufacturers more efficient and providing consumers with competitive pricing. | | | To compensate for lost revenue, a rider to the act created a small, graduated income tax. |
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http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/wilson/portrait/wp_legislate_02.html
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| | News 8 Austin 24 Hour Local News TOP STORIES |
| | The Underwood Simmons Tariff Act created the income tax as we know it today, enabled by the earlier ratification of the 16th Amendment. | | | Since then, the growing complexity of law tax has financed more than just a few legal and accounting careers, as well as the government workers required to administer and enforce it. | | | And the Form 1040 that first year was four pages, taxing one percent of income between $20,000 and $50,000, graduated up to six percent for those making $500,000 or more in those days. |
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http://www.news8austin.com/content/top_stories?ArID=132743
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| | The Truth about Trade in History |
| | An increase in tariff without a corresponding decrease in income taxes is going to drain economic activity. | | | For more than 60 years, a guiding principle of U.S. international economic policy has been that tariffs and other trade barriers should be reduced, that trade wars must be avoided at all costs, and that the best way to achieve those goals is through multilateral negotiations. | | | Most tariffs on raw materials are generally not a good idea. |
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http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/fr/1087105/posts
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| | California State Senate Republican Caucus |
| | Ever since the Underwood Tariff Act of 1913, which President Woodrow Wilson's administration pushed through Congress, a section providing for a graduated income tax, a concept that those with more income had to bear a heavier share of the expenses of government. | | | Each family in the "middle class" pays more to satisfy the liberal concept to redistribute your incomes to government agencies, bureaucrats and the welfare state, in order to "equalize" all income and fund government programs. | | | The progressive-liberal-socialist-communist concept of "equalization of income" was finally incorporated into the principle of American government as the rule of taxation sometimes called the "ability-to-pay." |
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http://republican.sen.ca.gov/opeds/36/oped172.asp
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| | UNIT VI |
| | When it stalled in the Senate, he called its opponents “the industrious and insidious lobby.” The bill was passed and reduced the tariff to 30%. | | | , and he called for a tariff reform bill. | | | He called for an income tax, a child labor law, and tariff reduction. |
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http://www.delbarton.org/OnCampus/academics/Teacher_Sites/Richard/ClassNotes/UnitVI.html
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| | progressivism |
| | Congress did so with the Underwood Tariff in 1914, which included an income tax [made possible by the recent passage of the 16th Amendment] to make up for lost revenue. | | | That revenue came not from property taxes (which were small) nor from any income tax (which did not exist at that time), but rather from the huge tariffs that Republican business leaders levied on manufactured goods to protect America's developing industries. | | | - Cutting the Tariff and Substituting Income Tax [16thA]: Underwood Tariff (1914): Another anti-trust idea was to expose large businesses to the full force of world competition by lowering the tariff on American manufactured goods. |
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http://www.columbia.edu/~rr91/1052_2002/lectures_2002/progressivism.htm
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| | Online NewsHour: NAFTA's Possible Impact Explored in Alabama -- November 2, 1993 PBS |
| | DANETTER UNDERWOOD: Because I know that there's a lot of people that do not have a job, and I know if I come to this job, I know I got a job to pay my bills and everything and take care of my child. | | | PAUL SOLMAN: So the tariff, say NAFTA supporters, simply means that American consumers are paying artificially high prices for brooms in order to protect obsolete American jobs. | | | And that's the key to the pro NAFTA argument, that Americans will sell in Mexico as never before, creating jobs in the process. |
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http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/business/july-dec93/broom_11-2-93.html
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| | Howstuffworks "How Income Taxes Work" |
| | In 1817, internal taxes were terminated and the government relied on tariffs to support itself. | | | In 1812, in an effort to support an expensive war effort, the U.S. government imposed the first sales tax, which was placed on gold, silverware, jewelry and watches. | | | It wasn't until 1862 that the United States imposed the first national income tax. |
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http://www.howstuffworks.com/income-tax1.htm
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| | USA: colonial period - |
| | The Seventeenth Amendment, ratified in 1913, replaced the constitutional requirement for election of Senators by state legislatures by providing for their direct election by the people; the Sixteenth Amendment authorized a federal income tax. | | | Although the act retained many protective features, it was a real attempt to lower the cost of living. | | | By 1910, Taft's party was divided and an overwhelming vote swept the Democrats back into control of Congress. |
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http://odur.let.rug.nl/usa.990917/H/1963/ch6_p11.htm
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| | [No title] |
| | Upon recommendation of the Tariff Commission, President authorized to alter rates for products of individual foreign countries. | | | 1870 - TARIFF OF 1870 - places 130 articles, mostly raw materials, on the "free" list. | | | Income tax imposed to compensate for lost revenues. |
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http://www.uscsumter.edu/~tpowers/hist112/tariffs2.html
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| | Why We Go to War - Woodrow Wilson |
| | Designed to supplant the alleged dictatorship of private banking institutions by the creation of a Federal Reserve Board, which would control the expansion and contraction of currency, it was destined to become the pediment of the national financial structure. | | | His first major victory came with passage of the Underwood Tariff, which reduced customs levies despite the bitter opposition of varied industrial interests. | | | The new tariff act was followed by a broad measure of currency reform--the Federal Reserve Act, signed Dec. 23, 1913. |
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http://faculty.virginia.edu/setear/courses/howweget/wilson.htm
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| | week7lecture |
| | With the reduced tariff the government needed to offset lost revenue so in 1913 the 16th Amendment allowed for an Income Tax. | | | Cordell Hull amended the Underwood Tariff with a graduated tax that Hull set low but the Progressives raised it. | | | A high tariff helped the trusts, a lower tariff helped consumers and reduced the tariff wars. |
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http://www.ccaurora.edu/his202/week7lecture.htm
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| | 21 |
| | The district banks were given powers over member banks to control the money supply and the availability of credit. | | | Let big business run with as little government restraint as possible. | | | Wanted to break up powerful business combinations in order to restore completion. |
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http://ppl.nhmccd.edu/~craigl/21.html
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| | local news page |
| | The Underwood tariff measure as introduced in Congress proposes a drastic reduction in the existing rates of tariff duties on leather gloves. | | | The manufacturers engaged in this business have in no instances acquired large or disproportionate fortunes but have prospered only moderately through a period of years in the building up of their respective undertakings; | | | What is the attitude of the Democratic party in relation to the tariff? |
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http://www.leaderherald.com/millennium/19101919/protest.html
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| | The Twentieth Century Underwood Tariff on Diamonds, Pearls, and Precious Stones |
| | The recent Underwood Tariff which caused so many changes also brought into prominence new aspects of the diamond and gem importing business. | | | In other words, they believed that the government would secure less revenue rather than more, because of the added inducement to smugglers. | | | The gem importers made a concerted effort to prevent the change in tariff, because they believed that the object of the Administration would be defeated rather than furthered by the changes. |
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http://www.jjkent.com/articles/underwood-tariff-precious-stones.htm
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| | Overview8 |
| | Underwood Tariff 1913, reduction of tariffs, established a graduated | | | Wilson-Gorman Tariff 1894 (reduced McKinley rates, income tax for incomes | | | How did Speaker Reed try to change House rules? |
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http://www.mentorhigh.com/roberts/APUS/APUSHP8/APUSOverviewHP8.html
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| | Howstuffworks "How Income Taxes Work" |
| | The Underwood Tariff Act of 1913 included an income-tax section that initiated the system we use today. | | | During World War II, the federal government began withholding taxes, also known as the pay-as-you-earn taxation system. | | | The 16th Amendment reads, "The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several states, and without regard to any census or enumeration." The 16th Amendment gave the government the power to levy taxes on individuals regardless of state population. |
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http://people.howstuffworks.com/income-tax2.htm
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| | CCH, a Wolters Kluwer business |
| | To commemorate the 90th anniversary of the income tax and CCH’s longstanding tax law leadership, CCH offers this look at the tax law, then and now. | | | Although it took the first federal tax loose-leaf service — the Income Tax Service — just 400 pages to deliver the original 1913 law and related documents, 90 years later it takes the CCH Standard Federal Tax Reporter 25 binders and 55,000 pages to do the same job. | | | CCH has been keeping professionals up to date on the twists and turns of the tax law since 1913, when President Woodrow Wilson on October 3 of that year signed into law the Underwood Tariff Act, section two of which created the modern income tax. |
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http://www.cch.com/press/news/2003/20031001t.asp
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| | [No title] |
| | C: was willing to accept the status quo relationship between government and industry. | | | Explain how banking practices in the early 1900s helped WALL STREET. | | | Underwood Tariff, Federal Reserve Act, and Clayton Act. |
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http://www2.rpa.net/~bcds/UNIT7-7.TXT
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| | American/ World History 1912 -1913 |
| | To replace the lost income, a graduated income tax was imposed. | | | (10/14/13) The first major reduction in tariffs occured under the Underwood Tariff Bill. | | | Seventeenth Amendment, Mohanda Gandhi Arrested, Suffragettes March On Washington, Underwood Tariff, Federal Reserve Act, |
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http://www.multied.com/dates/1912.html
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| | Asia Times - Asia's most knowledgable news source |
| | The 16th Amendment to the US constitution calling for a "small" income tax was enacted to compensate for the anticipated loss of revenue from the lowering of tariffs from 37% to 27% as authorized by the Underwood Tariff of 1913, the same year the Federal Reserve System was established. | | | The total cost of the war came to $3 billion. | | | The government raised the tariff, imposed a variety of excise duties, and imposed the first income tax in US history, but only managed to collect a total of $660 million during the four years of Civil War. |
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http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Global_Economy/FL17Dj01.html
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| | writing |
| | He attended a session of Congress in which he spoke out about passing the Underwood Tariff Bill; his persuasive and eloquent speaking skills helped Wilson out tremendously in getting the bill passed. | | | The bill reduced import fees as well as allowed for a graduated income tax. | | | What were the results of Woodrow Wilson's great reform assault on the "triple wall of privilege"-the tariff, banks, and trusts? |
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http://www.toxify.net/me/woodrowwilson.htm
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| | SparkNotes: The Gilded Age & the Progressive Era (1877–1917): Wilsonian Progressivism: 1913–1916 |
| | In just four years, Wilson reduced the tariff, passed more anti-trust legislation, and reformed the banking system. | | | Wilson began in 1913 by pushing Congress to pass the Underwood Tariff, which drastically reduced duties on foreign goods from an average rate of 40 percent to an average rate of 25 percent. | | | 1913 - Sixteenth and Seventeenth Amendments are ratified Congress passes Federal Reserve Act and Underwood Tariff |
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http://www.sparknotes.com/history/american/gildedage/section11.rhtml
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| | Alabama Hall of Fame: Oscar Wilder Underwood |
| | Underwood's tariff act, based on principles of taxation for revenue only, helped sweep the Democratic Party into power in 1912. | | | Underwood was twice placed in nomination for the presidency of the United States, at the Democratic conventions of 1912 and 1924. | | | He was elected to the House of Representatives 10 years later and served there for 10 terms, then in the Senate for 2 terms. |
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http://www.archives.state.al.us/famous/o_under.html
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| | Proof That the Income Tax Isn |
| | A tariff is of course an indirect tax, so Underwood-Simmons was a good place to put the new indirect income tax. | | | Among the endless proofs that the tax is indirect is the fact that the 1913 tax was born as Part Two of the Underwood-Simmons Tariff Act. | | | In Brushaber, the Court said the tax could be legal only as an indirect tax. |
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http://www.alanstang.com/taxscam.htm
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| | Committee on Ways and Means, Oscar E. Underwood (D-AL) |
| | As Chairman of Ways and Means, Oscar W. Underwood (D-AL) was one of the most powerful members of the House. | | | The reform bill broke 52 years of Republican protectionism and provided for the first Federal income tax levied under the new ratified 16th Amendment. | | | By virtue of his chairmanship, he also served as Democratic majority leader and chaired the Democratic Committee on Committees, a body of fellow Ways and Means party members who controlled committee appointments. |
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http://waysandmeans.house.gov/Legacy/portraits/1899-2000/underwood.htm
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| | Chapter 34 Notes |
| | The Tariff - Underwood Tariff Bill (1913) lowered tariffs from 40.8% to 27% (also enacted a graduated income tax which had been authorized by the 16th Amendment) | | | Wilson's Assault on the "Triple Wall Of Privilege": |
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http://www.melotten.com/ap_hist/notes/note34.htm
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| | PROGRESSIVES OPEN THE DOOR TO REFORM |
| | Tariff: tax on certain goods imported into U.S. Progressive Movement: Organized effort begun in early 1900"s to correct abuses and injustices in United States, Restore control of the government to the people, restore greater equality of opportunity by drawing up new rules for the conduct of business. | | | Underwood Tariff Act: reduced tariffs more than any tariff act had in the previous 50 yrs. | | | When Taft retained control of the Republican Party Roosevelt started a third party called the "Progressive Party" or "Bull Moose" Party. |
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http://www.rrcnet.org/~nordbyc/social/CHAP26.html
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| | Historic Documents - Major American Political Party Platforms |
| | Until the recent demo tariff legislation it was hampered by unreasonable burdens of taxation. | | | We reaffirm our belief in the doctrine of a tariff for the purpose of providing sufficient revenue for the operation of the government economically administered, and unreservedly endorse the Underwood tariff law as truly exemplifying that doctrine. | | | We have adjusted the burdens of taxation so that swollen incomes bear their equitable share. |
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http://federalistpatriot.us/histdocs/platforms/democratic/dem.916.html
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| | Great American History Fact-Finder - -Underwood Tariff Act |
| | As the first bill since the Civil War to lower tariff rates, the Underwood Tariff included an income tax to make up for the loss in revenues caused by the lower tariffs. | | | (October 3, 1913), act passed by Congress during the administration of Woodrow Wilson that lowered tariffs on hundreds of items that could be produced more cheaply in the United States than abroad. | | | Great American History Fact-Finder - -Underwood Tariff Act |
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http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/gahff/html/ff_183000_underwoodtar.htm
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| | Woodrow Wilson |
| | The Federal Reserve Act provided the Nation with the more elastic money supply it badly needed. | | | He created a lower tariff, the Underwood Act. |
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http://www.sbac.edu/~morrisjw/1910-19/WoodrowWilson
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| | Wikipedia: List of tariffs |
| | 1947 - General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade | | | This is a list of tariffs and trade legislation | | | 1984 - Trade and Tariff Act PL 98-573 |
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http://www.factbook.org/wikipedia/en/l/li/list_of_tariffs.html
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| | America 1910-1919: Business and the Economy History Summary |
| | The Underwood Tariff Act, passed in 1913, promoted free trade by reducing tariffs on foreign goods..... | | | The rise of big business in America led to massive social change and was one of the most pervasive factors affecting the economy in the 1910s. | | | The successes of the New Freedom encouraged the administration to push forward. |
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http://www.bookrags.com/history/americanhistory/america-1910s-business-and-the-economy.html
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| | C-SPAN.ORG |
| | To make up for lost revenue, Wilson recommended a provision for a slightly graduated income tax authorized by the recently ratified Sixteenth Amendment. | | | Among his proposals was a tariff reduction designed to energize business competition. | | | Wilson rallied a Democratic Congress to pass the Underwood Tariff Act (l913) and other reforms as part of his progressive domestic policy. |
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http://www.c-span.org/classroom/govt/exechistoric.asp
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| | Oscar W. Underwood: Biography of Oscar W. Underwood |
| | Chairman of the House committee that framed the Underwood-Simmons Tariff Bill in 1913. | | | Underwood, Oscar W. Democratic floor leader of the House of Representatives. | | | Oscar W. Underwood: Biography of Oscar W. Underwood |
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http://www.sacklunch.net/biography/U/OscarWUnderwood.html
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