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| | Administrative Costs for Social Security Private Accounts |
 | | The costs of administering such a system would include the cost of maintaining a government clearinghouse for collecting contributions and for recordkeeping, the cost of mutual funds for investment management, the cost of providing annuities, and the extra cost of a voluntary carve-out as compared to a mandatory account. | | | Part of the costs of private accounts is the administrative cost of converting accounts to annuities. | | | The administrative costs of the TSP, however, are considerably understated because the administrative functions performed by the federal government agencies outside of the Thrift Savings Board are paid for out of the budgets of the agencies (Beedon 1999, Cavanaugh 2002). |
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http://www.aarp.org/research/socialsecurity/reform/fs120_ss_costs
(1835 words)
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| | Transaction Costs and the Social Costs of Online Privacy |
| | Social cost is a concept introduced by Coase in his landmark 1960 paper "The Problem of Social Cost" [7]. | | | The costs associated these efforts are called transaction costs, and are generally independent of the price of the contracted product or service itself [1]. | | | The fact that social cost is a joint product of the actions of both A and B is important because it implies that assigning liability to one particular party (or the other) is correct (in terms of efficiency) only if the liable party that can amend the externality at the lowest possible cost. |
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http://firstmonday.org/issues/issue6_5/sholtz/index.html
(9728 words)
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| | What is the difference between private and social costs, and how do they relate to pollution and production? (11/2002) |
| | Social costs will differ from private costs, for example, if a producer can avoid the cost of air pollution control equipment allowing the firm's production to imposes costs (health or environmental degradation) on other parties that are adversely affected by the air pollution. | | | The social costs include all these private costs (fuel, oil, maintenance, insurance, depreciation, and operator's driving time) and also the cost experienced by people other than the operator who are exposed to the congestion and air pollution resulting from the use of the car. | | | When private and external costs are paid by the firm, the marginal social cost curve (dotted red line) is created by adding the marginal external costs to the marginal private costs. |
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http://www.frbsf.org/education/activities/drecon/2002/0211.html
(1186 words)
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| | Social costs of smoking are triple those of illicit drugs -- Zinn 326 (7383): 242 -- BMJ |
| | The report said the costs were all net costs and, consistent with previous studies, were estimated conservatively. | | | Social costs of smoking are triple those of illicit drugs | | | The calculations for the survey period, 1998-9, included both tangible and intangible costs to individuals, companies, and governments. |
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http://bmj.com/cgi/content/full/326/7383/242/a
(512 words)
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| | Online TDM Encyclopedia - Transportation Costs |
| | Costs and benefits have a mirror image relationship: a cost can be defined as a reduction in benefits and a benefit can be defined as a reduction in costs. | | | Social costs are the total of both internal and external impacts. | | | Calculating costs is therefore the basis for calculating benefits. |
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http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/tdm66.htm
(1487 words)
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| | A Summary of the 2005 Annual Reports |
| | Social Security could be brought into actuarial balance over the next 75 years in various ways, including an immediate increase of 15 percent in the amount of payroll taxes or an immediate reduction in benefits of 13 percent (or some combination of the two). | | | Because their primary source of income is the payroll tax, it is customary to compare HI and Social Security income and cost rates as a percentage of taxable payroll, as in Chart C. Note that the income rate lines do not rise substantially over the long run. | | | Social Security and Medicare taxes, premiums and other income are credited to the funds. |
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http://www.ssa.gov/OACT/TRSUM/trsummary.html
(5227 words)
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| | Social costs of gambling nearly half that of drug abuse, new book concludes |
| | “In 2003 dollars, the cost to society of an additional pathological gambler is $10,330 based on studies performed in the mid-1990s, whereas the cost to society of an additional problem gambler is $2,945,” he wrote. | | | This compares with the estimated annual $110 billion cost of drug abuse, according to the U.S. General Accounting Office. | | | However activities that create more social harm than good, according to Grinols, “need to be regulated, monitored and in some cases altered or banned to achieve greater social well-being … The need for public intervention occurs precisely when the costs are borne by one agent or group and the benefits by another.” |
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http://www.news.uiuc.edu/news/04/0308grinols.html
(746 words)
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| | ipedia.com: Externality Article |
| | The marginal private cost is less than the marginal social or public cost by the amount of the external cost, i.e., the cost of the smoking stacks and water pollution. | | | The problem is one of the disjuncture between marginal and social costs that is not solved by the free market. | | | One of the curves is the private cost that consumers pay as individuals for additional quantities of the good (in competitive markets, the marginal private cost) and the other curve is the true cost that society as a whole pays for production and consumption of increased production the good (the marginal social cost). |
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http://www.ipedia.com/externality.html
(1858 words)
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| | New Institutional Economics: Glossary |
| | The sum of these two is the social cost. | | | They include the costs of defining and measuring resources or claims, the costs of utilizing and enforcing the rights specified, and the costs of information, negotiation, and enforcement. | | | The costs of resources utilized for the creation, maintenance, use, and change of institutions and organizations. |
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http://coase.org/nieglossary.htm
(1101 words)
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| | Paying Our Way: Estimating Marginal Social Costs of Freight Transportation |
| | Other costs, called external costs, are borne by nonshippers or the general public; these include the health and other damages caused by air pollution and noise generated by trucks, towboats, and locomotives and the traffic delays and congestion that an additional truck or barge imposes on other users of roadways and waterways. | | | Some costs are borne initially by government, such as the cost of roads and ports that are built and operated by public agencies. | | | The marginal social cost of a good being transported is defined as the increase in total social costs that results from producing one additional unit of output above the level currently being produced. |
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http://gulliver.trb.org/news/blurb_detail.asp?id=2677
(551 words)
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| | ISSDS - Calculation of Administrative Costs for Social Protection Programs: A Guide and Interactive Spreadsheet |
| | Social assistance administrators from four cities actively participating in the USAID sponsored project, "Improving Social Service Delivery Systems in Russia" were consulted regarding their problems with determining total program costs for social assistance programs. | | | Today in Russian municipalities, it is common practice when calculating the cost of a social protection program only to include the actual benefit costs of that program. | | | Additionally, while municipal budgeting methodology counts administrative costs in the aggregate, it does not assign administrative costs to specific social protection programs based on the amount of administrative resources these programs actually use. |
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http://www.urban.org/centers/iac/pds/pdescrip.cfm?id=128
(361 words)
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| | Researchers discuss full social costs of transportation at spring forum (TRG Study) |
| | External costs of highway use are large, but the ability to reduce those costs through federal user fees is limited. | | | Full costs are expected to increase to $10,025 in 2020 ($8,365 internal, $960 governmental, and $700 external). | | | "Paying the full costs of transportation may have many benefits, but the costs may not be of a magnitude to change land use decisions significantly," said Gerard McCullough, director of CTS and one of the speakers in the "Research Forum on the Costs of Transportation" held on March 31. |
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http://www.cts.umn.edu/trg/news/1999/fullcosts.html
(554 words)
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| | Social Costs of Driving |
| | A private cost is one that involves only those directly involved in a transaction, such as the costs of operating a vehicle or access to roads, while social costs include the costs of pollution and congestion. | | | This paper estimates that the unrecognized private costs of driving amount to $59 billion annually (top cost: $40 billion for the costs of streets and highways not covered by fees and tolls) while social costs total $125 billion (top cost: $56 for health damage due to air pollution). | | | The basic finding of this report is that the social costs of driving amount to at least $184 billion per year -- not including the $50 to $100 billion subsidy in free parking and or the cross-subsidy caused by congestion. |
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http://www.progress.org/cobb01.htm
(1104 words)
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| | Summary for Policymakers: The Economic and Social Dimensions of Climate Change -IPCC Working Group III |
| | From the perspective of this section on assessing mitigation or adaptation costs, what matters is the net cost (total cost less secondary benefits and costs). | | | Particular attention is given to the applicability of costbenefit analysis, the incorporation of equity and social considerations, and consideration of intergenerational equity issues. | | | A social discount rate is a discount rate appropriate for use by governments in the evaluation of public policy. |
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http://www.ipcc.ch/pub/sarsum3.htm
(9508 words)
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| | Let Us Count the Ways - Center for American Progress |
| | Another cost of individual accounts – so-called labor market risks – has often been ignored in the public debate. | | | This is especially pronounced for women, who consequently face costs that are comparable to the costs of turning their savings into lifetime monthly benefits &; annuities. | | | Social Security is the only way to reduce the labor market risks. |
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http://www.americanprogress.org/site/pp.asp?c=biJRJ8OVF&b=253499
(424 words)
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| | Rent Seeking and the Social Costs of Monopoly |
| | Posner (1975) argues that when the total expenditure by firms to obtain the rent is exactly equal to the rent, the expenditure has no socially valuable by-products, as the total cost of monopoly will equal the deadweight loss plus the monopolist's rent. | | | Any cost incurred in the competition to obtain or maintain a monopoly is a cost of rent seeking. | | | In such cases, the social cost of the rent seeking is virtually impossible to measure. |
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http://www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/econrev/ser/html/rent.html
(1912 words)
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| | J Stewart - Social costs |
| | Applying the $13,100 cost to the estimated 8,000 to 13,000 users and 2.456 million residents living in Toronto yields a range of social cost between $43 and $69 per capita. | | | The annual social cost generated by this sample, calculated at Canadian $5.086 million, is explained mostly by crime victimization (44.6%) and law enforcement (42.4%), followed by productivity losses (7.0%) and the utilization of health care (6.1%). | | | Using cost-of-illness methodology applied to a comprehensive survey of 114 daily opiate users not currently in or seeking treatment for their addiction, we estimated the 1996 social costs of untreated opioid dependence in Toronto (Ontario, Canada). |
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http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/jstewar/costs.html
(167 words)
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| | [No title] |
| | These include additional health-care costs, passed on to everyone in theform of higher health insurance premiums and taxes for Medicare. | | | The studyestimated smoking-related medical expenses to cost the government about 26.5billion francs ($5 billion). | | | Apart from being wrong as to fact, however, the social cost arguments dependon a dangerous proposition: that when society, through taxes or insurance,shares costs and spreads risks it thereby becomes entitled to regulate,control and even prohibit behaviors deemed "costly". |
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http://www.smokingsection.com/issues2.html
(2065 words)
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| | Social Costs of Tobacco, by Pierre Lemieux |
| | The second issue – the balance between social benefits and social costs for "society as a whole" – is trickier. | | | Economists, on the contrary, assume that an individual’s body belongs to himself, and exclude privately-assumed risks and costs from social costs. | | | Despite the many philosophical, methodological and measurement problems involved in summing up costs and benefits over all individuals in society, economic theory shows that a good freely bought and sold on the market generally brings more benefits than costs. |
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http://www.pierrelemieux.org/artsocial.html
(682 words)
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| | Social Living – Costs and Benefits |
| | The major general cost of being social is having to share food with members of the group. | | | The importance of this cost depends on how easy it is to obtain food. | | | The donor of an act pays an immediate cost to benefit the recipient, but the recipient then returns the favor at some future time. |
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http://life.bio.sunysb.edu/bio359/4_22_02.html
(2257 words)
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| | EconPapers: Assessing Social Costs of Inefficient Procurement Design |
| | The results indicate that the social costs of inefficient contract allocation is about 1.7 per cent of total potential social cost and that an efficient second price auction would lower the expected procurement cost by 2.8 per cent. | | | We estimate social costs defined as the predicted cost difference between the winning firm and the most efficient bidding firm. | | | Abstract: This paper considers the social costs implied by inefficient allocation of contracts in a first price, sealed bid procurement auction with asymmetric bidders. |
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http://econpapers.repec.org/paper/hhsuunewp/2003_5F012.htm
(269 words)
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| | Simon World :: China's Mounting Social Costs |
| | These are costs that China, as it becomes richer, will need to pay for in increasing amounts to maintain social stability. | | | I'm far from being a socialist, but China's neglect of public healthcare and education systems, not to mention the environment is bringing with it mounting social costs. | | | The Central government is desperately trying to fix that by improving recruiting quality standards and reaching out beyond the Party for good civil servants; in the meantime they are becoming willing tolerant of short-term fixes like having mass protests act as a natural check on localized incompetence. |
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http://simonworld.mu.nu/archives/105336.php
(644 words)
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| | Rising Medicare Costs Undermine Social Security Cost-of-Living Adjustments (COLA) : California Health Advocates |
| | A recently released chart shows that beneficiaries on average will spend 37.2% of their Social Security payments on Medicare in 2006, 39.4% in 2011, 45.2% in 2016, 49.7% in 2021 and 53.2% by 2026. | | | An estimated 1.4 million people with 2004 monthly Social Security benefits of less than $384 had to use their entire Social Security COLA to pay the increase in the Part B premium, leaving them nothing to pay for increases in all the other goods and services they consume. | | | Beneficiaries are therefore vulnerable to the possibility that large increases in medical costs, especially prescription drug costs, could use up significant portions of their Social Security COLA and even cut into their Social Security benefit. |
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http://www.cahealthadvocates.org/newsletter/2004/10/Rising.html
(730 words)
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| | Social Security Online-What You Can Do Online |
| | Social Security, Supplemental Security Income (SSI), or other benefits | | | Apply for extra help with your Medicare prescription drug costs. | | | Find out if you can get extra help with your Medicare prescription drug costs. |
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http://www.ssa.gov/onlineservices
(513 words)
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| | HUMAN EVENTS ONLINE :: No, Virginia, There Are No 'Transition Costs' for Social Security Reform by Lawrence A. Hunter |
| | What pundits have labeled the "transition cost," is really the short-term cash-flow crunch that will happen when workers are allowed to invest a part of their Social Security taxes in personal retirement accounts rather than loan that money to the government to pay the benefits of current retirees. | | | Every dollar of a worker's Social Security payroll tax contribution invested in a personal retirement account is a dollar less debt the government owes to the worker and would otherwise have to pay back in the form of future Social Security benefits. | | | Refinancing the Social Security liability in this way would not cause a short-term shock to the bond market, and would not create immediate upward pressure on interest rates, because the government would not be entering credit markets to raise new cash. |
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http://www.humaneventsonline.com/article.php?id=6235
(1073 words)
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| | Social Security Issue Guide |
| | Social Security benefits are part of a social insurance program and its benefits are distinct from employer-provided pensions, Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs), or other forms of savings. | | | The Social Security system provides three distinct types of benefits for workers and their families: lifetime retirement benefits for retirees who have worked at least ten years, their spouses, and their children; disability insurance for workers, their spouses, and their children; and survivors' insurance for the families of deceased workers. | | | Despite the fact that the Social Security trust fund is as robust today as it has been in recent years, the administration proposes to radically change the Social Security program by cutting benefits while at the same time allowing workers to create individual private accounts. |
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http://www.epinet.org/content.cfm/issueguide_socialsecurity
(2410 words)
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| | EconPapers: The Social Costs of Rent Control Revisited |
| | The social costs of this misallocation are first order when the social costs from underprovision of housing are second order. | | | A major social cost of rent control is that without a fully operational price mechanism the 'wrong' consumers end up using apartments. | | | Thus for a sufficiently marginal implementation of rent control, these costs will always be more important than the undersupply of housing. |
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http://econpapers.repec.org/paper/nbrnberwo/5441.htm
(365 words)
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| | Social Costs of Divorce |
| | There's also a report on the public costs of divorce, showing that divorce costs the U.S. $33.3 billion per year. | | | One researcher determined that a single divorce costs state and federal governments about $30,000, based on such things as the higher use of food stamps and public housing as well as increased bankruptcies and juvenile delinquency. | | | In the U.S., "the average divorce costs nearly $50,000, and... |
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http://www.divorcereform.org/soc.html
(623 words)
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| | TIME.com: The Pension Pincher -- Page 1 |
| | MILLER: No. The cost of living is generally higher in America and there are a lot of sectors of the economy that cannot be moved overseas. | | | Our unions have contracts that are at one-half to one-third higher than the cost level at competitive supplier companies. | | | We [also] need to look at all the social costs [imposed] on the process of production. |
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http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1119077,00.html
(1398 words)
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| | ITS-Davis e-news |
| | The cost increases have been largely accommodated within normal business and market planning processes of companies, the study shows. | | | “Whether you consider these costs to be large or small, they had little discernible effect on industry performance and activities,” says Sperling. | | | ITS-Davis researchers provided background reports on consumer choice behavior and regulatory costs. |
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http://www.its.ucdavis.edu/news/enews/issue20/index.html
(3538 words)
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| | Dallas Burtraw |
| | Burtraw's research interests include the design of environmental regulation, the costs and benefits of environmental regulation, and the regulation and restructuring of the electricity industry. | | | Reducing Emissions from the Electricity Sector: The Costs and Benefits Nationwide and for the Empire State | | | Social Costs of Energy: Present Status and Future Trends |
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http://www.rff.org/rff/Burtraw.cfm
(2630 words)
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| | Family Collapse could lead to increased social costs |
| | A new study in Australia estimates that family breakdown there cost $6 billion annually, he said. | | | Family Collapse could lead to increased social costs | | | Experts Concerned About Social Cost of Family Collapse |
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http://www.divorcereform.org/mel/asocialcost.html
(620 words)
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| | Social costs: the effects of child maltreatment - Resource Sheet - National Child Protection Clearinghouse |
| | Social costs: the effects of child maltreatment - Resource Sheet - National Child Protection Clearinghouse | | | It is generally considered that these health problems are the result of a complex interaction of the psychological, behavioural and social harms associated with maltreatment (Kendall- Tackett, 2002). | | | It is generally considered that the emotional and social trauma experienced by the child constitutes the 'core issue' in all types of maltreatment (Kent and Waller, 1998). |
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http://www.aifs.gov.au/nch/sheets/rs9.html
(2066 words)
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| | Measuring gambling's social costs |
| | Riverboats have operated in Indiana for more than a decade, and it has made no sense to herald their economic benefits while ignoring the task of assessing the social costs of gambling. | | | In Orange County it behooves everybody to want a clear understanding of what the negative costs could be. | | | A bipartisan group of lawmakers, acting as the Indiana Legislative Council, has ordered Indiana to study the social impact of gambling. |
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http://www.tmnews.com/articles/2005/06/20/sections/opinion/opinion75.txt
(434 words)
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| | Gambling Has Economic Benefits And Social Costs |
| | Among the social costs are gambling addiction, increases in the number of crimes and revenue losses in other industries. | | | Instead, many states use lottery money in place of other state revenues used for schools. | | | Most gambling produces economic gains, but inflicts offsetting social costs, says Denis Rudd, author of a college textbook, Casino and Gaming Operations (1996). |
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http://www.ncpa.org/pd/social/spjul98b.html
(192 words)
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| | Navasky, Naming Names: Social Costs of McCarthyism |
| | The social costs of what came to be called McCarthyism have yet to be computed. | | | Nevertheless, since institutions were transformed, content influenced, individuals injured, and vast public and private resources expended, it seems important to try separately to trace the effect of the informer alone, without whom the blacklist and many other aspects of the purge would not have been possible. | | | Even if it were possible to disentangle the effects of the various elements in the McCarthy period--the informer system, Hollywood division, the blacklist system, the congressional investigations, the larger repression, the international cold war--the prospect of quantifying the social cost of any one of them is overwhelming. |
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http://www.english.upenn.edu/~afilreis/50s/navasky-social-costs.html
(1944 words)
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| | Radical Philosophy Association |
| | Cost of War: compare Iraq War costs to social program costs | | | This two week trip includes a five-day conference at the University of Havana with professional counterparts and other activities designed to increase familiarity with Cuban society. | | | Our efforts are guided by the vision of a society founded on cooperation instead of competition, in which all areas of society are, as far as possible, governed by democratic decision-making. |
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http://home.grandecom.net/~jackgm/RPA.html
(1863 words)
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