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| | Savings and Loan crisis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | The ultimate cost of the crisis is estimated to have totaled around USD$150 billion, about $125 billion of which was directly borne by the U.S. government, which contributed to the large budget deficits of the early 1990s. | | | The Savings and Loan crisis of the 1980s was a wave of savings and loan association failures in the United States in which over 1,000 savings and loan institutions failed. | | | The U.S. government agency Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation, which at the time insured SandL accounts in the same way the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insures commercial bank accounts, then had to repay all the depositors whose money was lost. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savings_and_Loan_scandal
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| | Savings and loan association - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Savings and loans were given a certain amount of preferential treatment by the Federal Reserve inasmuch as they were given the ability to pay higher interest rates on savings deposits compared to a regular commercial bank. | | | The savings and loan association became a strong force in the early 20th century through assisting people with home ownership, through mortgage lending, and further assisting their members with basic saving and investing outlets, typically through passbook savings accounts and term certificates of deposit. | | | The savings and loan was also there to provide loans for the purchase of large ticket items, usually homes, for worthy and responsible borrowers. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savings_and_loan
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| | Savings and Loan Crisis, by Bert Ely: The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics: Library of Economics and Liberty |
| | The estimated present value cost of the bailout of the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation (FSLIC) is $175 billion or more. | | | The Federal Home Loan Bank Board (FHLBB), the now-defunct regulator of S&Ls, authorized accounting gimmicks that were not in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. | | | The extraordinary cost of the S&L crisis is astounding to every taxpayer, depositor, and policymaker. |
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http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/SavingsandLoanCrisis.html
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| | [No title] |
| | In response to the worsening savings and loan crisis, the Congress enacted the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989 (FIRREA) on August 9, 1989. | | | REFCORP was established with the sole purpose of borrowing funds to finance savings and loan resolutions. | | | The Federal Home Loan Banks contribute $300 million annually to the payment of REFCORP interest expense, and the remaining $2.3 billion of annual interest expense is paid through appropriations. |
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http://www-snde.rutgers.edu/Rutgers/Econ204/RTC_audit.txt
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| | THE U.S. SAVINGS AND LOAN INDUSTRY CRISIS. |
| | THE U.S. Analyzes the key precipitating events to the S & L crisis, arguing that they provide the background to a useful case study of how accountability in administration at the federal level needs to be improved if disasters like the S & L debacle are to be avoided in the future. |
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http://www.academicresearchpapers.com/abstracts/9000/09835.html
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| | Untitled Document |
| | They could now increase consumer loans up to a total of 30 percent of their assets; make commercial, corporate, or business loans; and invest in nonresidential real estate worth up to 40 percent of their total assets. | | | Loans of this type seemed safe since defaults among borrowers were rare, and it appeared that the economy was expanding. | | | The Buildings and Loan, as shown in the movie, (the same as what we refer to as the Savings and Loan Industry) was instituted so that individuals (not corporations) might borrow money to build homes. |
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http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~hkwarner/film5.html
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| | FRB Cleveland - Glossary of Economic Terms |
| | The savings and loan crisis refers to the economic collapse of the savings and loan industry during the 1980s. | | | This debacle was initiated by the interest rate spike that was a consequence of the secularly rising inflation during the late 1970s and the October 1979 monetary policy action taken by the Federal Reserve to bring inflation under control. | | | The passage of the Financial Institutions Recovery, Reform and Enforcement Act of 1989 and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991 effectively mark the end of the savings and loan debacle. |
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http://www.clevelandfed.org/Research/Glossary/SLcrisis.htm
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| | The Farm Credit Quagmire |
| | As the savings and loan credit crisis blunders on, some commentators are proposing that Congress use the 1987 Farm Credit System bailout as a model for solving it. | | | The savings and loan crisis and the farm credit crisis have much in common: Both were caused by politicians' camouflaging and transferring risks in an attempt to buy votes. | | | Moreover, farmers whose FmHA loans are forgiven are effectively entitled to receive additional subsidized loans in the future, yet Congress has forbidden FmHA to consider the cost of future loans when comparing the probable costs of foreclosure and debt forgiveness. |
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http://www.regulationmagazine.org/pubs/pas/pa122.html
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| | savings loan crisis - Books, journals, articles @ The Questia Online Library |
| | The savings and loan crisis (see savings and loan association) erupted in the early months of his administration, and the costs to the government... | | | Savings And Loan Associations--Corrupt Practices--United States, Savings And Loan Associations--Deregulation--United States, Savings And Loan Associations--United States--State Supervision, Savings And Loan Bailout, 1989-1995 | | | ...overbilling, and the savings and loan association scandal...damaging potential of a crisis and its attributes...hemisphere"; and the savings and loan association scandal as...a separate problem of crisis management-they reflect... |
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http://www.questia.com/search/savings-loan-crisis
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| | THE INFLUENCE OF CULTURE ON GLOBAL ECONOMICS: |
| | Although the American savings and loan crisis of the 1980s and the Thai commercial bank crisis of the late 1990s had somewhat different origins, the net result was the same: a large proportion of insolvent financial institutions needing the infusion of fresh capital through restructuring and other means, in order to survive. | | | Non-performing loans at the time were a modest 8 percent of total loans and the government projected an economic growth rate of 1-2 percent as a result of these measures. | | | American economists have made a strong case that the foundations for the 1980s savings and loan crisis were basically laid by the Banking Act of 1933, which constrained the amount and type of interest rates the thrift organizations could charge [26]. |
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http://campus.murraystate.edu/academic/faculty/phil.niffenegger/doc.html
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| | APPROPRIATE SOURCE FOR PAYMENT OF JUDGMENTS AND UNITED STATES v. WINSTAR CORP. RELATED CASES |
| | The Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation Resolution Fund is the appropriate source of payment for judgments against, and settlements by, the United States in United States v. | | | Finally, in 1934, Congress created the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation, "under the direction of" the Bank Board, to insure thrift deposit accounts and to regulate all federally insured thrifts to ensure that their capital is unimpaired and that their financial policies and management are "safe." See Pub. | | | Winstar Corp. and similar cases arising from the breach of certain agreements to which the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation was a party. |
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http://biotech.law.lsu.edu/blaw/olc/winstarfinal.htm
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| | The liability ramifications of the S&L crisis. (savings and loan) |
| | The civil liability of the accounting firms of failed savings and loan institutions (SandLs) has been brought into question by legal actions being initiated against certain firms by the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation (FSLIC) and a report of the General Accounting Office citing significant audit and reporting problems. | | | There has been much publicity about the SandL crisis and the legal actions which the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation ("FSLIC") has been bringing against a group of accounting firms based upon their audits of defunct savings and loan institutions ("SandLs") insured by FSLIC. | | | "The Federal Home Loan Bank Board and the federal government, instead of coming to grips with the problem, placed pressure on this bank and its board of directors and its officials, who were incompetent to handle this kind of pressure, to go out and make these risky loans to improve their income. |
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http://www.nysscpa.org/cpajournal/old/08135520.htm
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| | Cheap-loan |
| | Knowing the workings of the mortgage loan market as well as all the options available for financing are the keys to success for real estate investors and homebuyers. | | | A brief but thorough overview of the mortgage loan market, from the concept of inflation to the different categories of lenders and loans. | | | Syndicated loans are among today's most important tools for a wide variety of professional and institutional investors. |
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http://www.airgroup14.com/business/mortgage/bank/cheap/a-cheap-loan-2.htm
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| | Washingtonpost.com: Are Cards Stacked Against Japan's Banks? |
| | Japanese officials face a problem with bad loans -- debts to banks that are not being repaid -- that is roughly six times as large relative to the size of their economy and spread more widely through the banking system. | | | Japan's banking crisis is much larger than the U.S. savings and loan debacle. | | | Bad loans: While they afflicted a relatively small number of thrifts during the U.S. crisis, bad loans are a problem for almost all of Japan's banks. |
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http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/business/longterm/asiaecon/stories/banks061898.htm
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| | Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis - fedgazette July 2000 - Interest rate risk: What is it, why banks would want it, ... |
| | The most common manifestation of IRR occurs because the assets of the banks, such as the loans it holds, come due or mature at a different time than the liabilities of the bank, such as deposits. | | | Although IRR sounds arcane for the layperson, the extra taxes paid after the savings and loan crisis of the 1980s suggests there is good reason to learn at least a little about IRR. | | | Editor's Note: As the savings and loan crisis of the 1980s showed, taxpayers can end up paying when banks engage in excessive risk taking. |
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http://woodrow.mpls.frb.fed.us/pubs/fedgaz/00-07/banking.cfm?js=0
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| | MZ1.html |
| | The second job of the SandL regulatory agencies was to examine the loan portfolio of each SandL and to identify the loan defaulters and attempt to recover the face value of the loan or a considerable percentage of it. | | | What the report actually said is that the SandL Crisis of the Reagan and Bush Administrations has cost or will cost the U.S. taxpayer $126.4 billion dollars for resolution costs and $285.2 billion dollars for interest expenses, for a total of $411.6 billion dollars. | | | Other loans were to developers with highly risky real estate developments, many of which later failed, resulting in defaulted loans. |
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http://www.netmagic.net/~franklin/MZ1.html
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| | Background |
| | In assessing the implications of the scandal, Truell pointed to "an erosion of trust in public institutions." Although the BCCI scandal may impose a financial burden on taxpayers, its greatest cost to the public is the loss of trust in government. | | | Truell's observation is relevant to the savings and loan crisis as well. | | | The "pack journalism" approach of the BCCI investigation also appeared in the media coverage of the savings and loan scandal. |
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http://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/news/news03.htm
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| | Business Library, The University of Western Ontario |
| | In this expert insider's account of the savings and loan debacle of the 1980s, William Black lays bare the strategies that corrupt CEOs and CFOs--in collusion with those who have regulatory oversight of their industries--use to defraud companies for their personal gain. | | | Stewart, A.W. The savings and loan crisis: A Bibliography | | | Talley,P.L. The Savings and Loan Crisis: An Annotated Bibliography |
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http://www.lib.uwo.ca/business/savingsandloan.html
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| | FDIC: The S&L Crisis: A Chrono-Bibliography |
| | September, 1981--Federal Home Loan Bank Board permits troubled S&Ls to issue "income capital certificates" that are purchased by FSLIC and included as capital. | | | Property development loans of up to 50% of net worth are allowed. | | | July, 1985--Chairman Gray begins transfer of federal examiners to the twelve regional Federal Home Loan Banks so that they are no longer overseen by OMB and their salaries are paid directly by the Bank Board system. |
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http://www.fdic.gov/bank/historical/s&l
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| | George Bush Presidential Library and Museum |
| | Tens of billions of dollars are going to have to be spent to clean up this whole matter of savings and loan, and our estimate is that it's costing about million a day for every day that action is not taken. | | | The purpose of the meeting today: I wanted to discuss this savings and loan bill that's going to be on the House floor. | | | And the result could be that -- up to 0 billion in loans without one dollar in real capital for decades to come. |
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http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/papers/1989/89061405.html
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| | Real Estate News Provided by Inman News Features |
| | Common schemes involve property flips, or rapid resales, that involve an inflated appraisal, "air loans" where the property doesn't exist and the entire application is a fabrication just to get a loan, "silent seconds," second mortgages lenders don't know about, and nominees, or one person borrowing in another's name. | | | According to the Federal Financial Institutions Council, up to 10 percent of all mortgage loan applications in the $3 trillion annual U.S. residential real estate market involve some form of material misrepresentation. | | | Generally, mortgage fraud involves multiple loan transactions and misrepresentations, Burrus said. |
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http://www.inman.com/InmanINF/mris/story.aspx?ID=48584
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| | The Savings and Loan Crisis |
| | The Savings and Loan crisis cost $200 Billion, that's $4000.00 for every man, woman and child in the United States, rich or poor. | | | The customers of the Savings and Loan Institutions were victimized by unscrupulous bankers allowing many multibillion dollar swindles. | | | The double inflation caused by this uncontrolled avarice is compounded to the point that we are still paying for it many times over. |
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http://latter-rain.com/kingdom/sl.htm
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| | American Conservative Union Foundation |
| | The bill is corporate welfare on a massive scale and invites a repetition of the savings and loan losses. | | | The situation is made worse by the fact that the larger banks have succeeded in limiting their contributions to the insurance funds, which will run out of money very quickly in 5-10 years time when the rottenness underneath initial glowing bank earnings reports comes to be revealed. | | | Anyone who thinks that bank examinations or the FIRREA law passed in 1989 after the last savings and loan crisis will offer protection against the huge perverse incentive which the increase creates is living in a dream world. |
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http://acuf.org/issues/issue51/060107gov.asp
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| | Senate Pension Agreement Paves the Way for a Taxpayer Bailout |
| | Even after receiving special treatment, the savings and loan industry began to run massive deficits that resulted in a bailout that cost ordinary taxpayers hundreds of billions of dollars. | | | Twenty years ago, Congress faced a funding crisis in the savings and loan industry by allowing S&Ls to declare that they had more assets than they actually did. | | | In a direct parallel to legislative mistakes that helped to create the savings and loan crisis of the 1980s, the recent Senate bipartisan agreement on H.R. 3108, the Pension Fund Equity Act, places corporate interests above those of the taxpayer. |
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http://www.heritage.org/Research/Regulation/wm405.cfm
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| | INTRODUCTION: The Mafia, CIA and George Bush [Free Republic] |
| | In the case of savings and loans, the credit was federally insured deposits injected by money brokers, like mob associate Mario Renda, and the creditors are the taxpayers. | | | Sunrise Savings, with $1.48-billion in assets, became the largest financial institution to collapse in Florida history when the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corp. (FSLIC) closed it last September. | | | Sunrise's insured accounts were transferred to a new thrift, Beach Federal Savings and Loan Association, which became one of the largest savings institutions in the Federal Home Loan Bank Board's management consignment program. |
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http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a389b6a173e33.htm
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| | ComLinks Y2K Archives - Will Y2K be Healthcares S&L Crisis |
| | The reasons for the crisis were complex, but three key factors were (1) unsupervised lending in a hands-off regulatory climate, (2) loans made to businesses that were not credit worthy according to long-accepted industry standards and (3) widespread corruption by many SandL owners. | | | The savings and loan crisis primarily involved the loss of money, while widespread Y2K healthcare failures would also affect patient care and service delivery. | | | The apparent reason for this expansive exercise of regulatory authority, never explicitly stated, is a commendable desire to avoid repeating past policy lapses in which billions of dollars were loaned to ventures that could not demonstrate their ability to meet their repayment obligations. |
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http://www.comlinks.com/legal/sg2.htm
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| | Lecture 19 Notes |
| | Rather than close down these S&L's, the S&L regulators (the Federal Home Loan Bank Board and the FSLIC) adopted irregular accounting principles such as allowing S&L's to put a high value on "goodwill" as part of their capital. | | | The sharp increase in interest rates from 1979 to 1981 produced rapidly rising costs of funds for S&L's that were not matched by higher earnings on their principal assets, long-term residential mortgages. | | | Lecture 19 - The Savings and Loan Crisis |
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http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/d/x/dxl31/ec230/lecture19.html
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| | [No title] |
| | The bailout is expected to cost taxpayers $2 billion. | | | The allegations were brought by the Federal De- posit Insurance Corporation and the Resolution Trust Corporation. | | | The collapsed invest- ment firm said it is being made a scapegoat. |
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http://www-tech.mit.edu/archives/VOL_110/TECH_V110_S0160_P003.txt
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| | Institutional Obstacles |
| | Another important institutional stumbling block to more intensive coverage of the crisis is the cost of investigative reporting. | | | Such reporting, especially where a complicated financial scandal is brewing, involves a great deal of money, and editors seldom believe that the effort is worth the cost. | | | And they were very profitable for many years until interest rates swung the wrong way and thrifts, SandLs as they are known, were not allowed to make adjustable rate loans which would allow them to max that spread more evenly. |
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http://www.annenberg.northwestern.edu/pubs/news/news04.htm
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| | nolhga.com :: press room |
| | The system is facing a crisis with the nation's pension plans $450 billion short in meeting promises to workers. | | | But help may be on the way: The Bush administration unveiled a proposal last week that would require companies to fully fund their plans and eliminate the incentives that lead employers to shortchange workers. | | | As any number of analysts have suggested, unless the financial condition of the PBGC is improved and changes in law are made, the taxpayer may be at risk to bail out the pension insurance system, as was the case with the savings-and-loan crisis. |
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http://www.nolhga.com/pressroom/main.cfm/location/viewstory/id/1657
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| | THE MOTLEY FOOL LUNCHTIME NEWS: Monday, July 01, 1996 |
| | Glendale was up $1 7/8 to $20 on its victory, boosting valuations across the board in the savings and loan universe. | | | The government's first response to the problem was to encourage healthy SandLs to swallow up their weaker competitors by treating the "goodwill" generated from such acquisitions under beneficial accounting standards. | | | Goodwill is normally taken off of the balance sheet of a company over a fixed period of time using an accounting convention called depreciation. |
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http://www.fool.com/LunchNews/1996/LunchNews960701.htm
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| | Final Report of the Independent Counsel In Re: Madison Guaranty Savings & Loan Association |
| | Total Loans, Advances, and Repayments Made by and to the Clintons, the McDougals, and McDougal Controlled Entities Towards the Whitewater Venture; Errors Found in the Lyons Report by the Independent Counsel | | | The Failure of Madison Guaranty and the Savings and Loan Crisis of the 1980S and 1990S | | | Reconstructed Repayment Schedules for Loans Made to or which Conferred a Benefit on the Whitewater Partnership or Corporation |
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http://icreport.access.gpo.gov/final
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| | Banker who helped Miss. during savings and loan crisis dies - The Clarion-Ledger |
| | He worked to secure federal protection for deposits in state-charted savings and loans and handled the business of the thrifts until they became federally insured. | | | during savings and loan crisis dies - The Clarion-Ledger | | | Other thrifts began to take on federal insurance for deposits. |
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http://www.clarionledger.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20050813/BIZ/508130343/1005
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| | Subject THE CIA ROLE IN THE S+L CRISIS Written 416 pm Feb 25, 1991 by christic in cdpchris |
| | In fact, the total federal expenditures on one of the nation's most widespread and tragic problems--the homeless--is little more than one-tenth of one percent of the amount we'll spend to bailout the savings and loan industry. | | | And the combined 1987 budgets of all 50 states didn't add up to $500 billion. | | | No war, no defense program, no social program, no other scandal has ever cost what this will cost. |
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http://www.skepticfiles.org/socialis/ciabanks.htm
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| | Crime and Justice Abstracts: Vol. 18 (1993) |
| | The epidemic failure of savings and loan institutions during the 1980s was an important chapter in the financial and governmental history of the United States and an instructive context for discussing the costs of crime and for reconsidering longstanding controversies about causation in criminology. | | | Crime, Justice, and the Savings and Loan Crisis |
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http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/CJ/abstracts/CJv18p247abstract.html
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| | ‘Frauds-R-Us’The Bush Family Saga: The Silverado Savings and Loan Scandal |
| | "The Savings and Loan Scandal and Public Accounting" By Wade Frazier | | | Committee on Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs, Committee Print 102-11, 1992. | | | Black, William, The Incidence and Cost of Fraud and Insider Abuse, Washington, DC: National Commission on Financial Institution Reform, Recovery and Enforcement, Staff Report No. 13, 1993. |
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http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article3330.htm
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| | The Savings and Loan Crisis — www.greenwood.com |
| | The Savings and Loan Crisis An Annotated Bibliography | | | Description: This annotated bibliography includes more than 360 titles on the savings and loan crisis and, by extension, savings and loan viability or profitability. | | | Home » Catalog » The Savings and Loan Crisis |
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http://www.greenwood.com/catalog/GR8833.aspx
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| | Subject Searching Part Two |
| | Note that the catalog calls "savings and loans" "savings and loan associations." Note, also, that it does not indicate anything about "crisis" in the subject headings. | | | Next, construct a search as below using what seems to us the most appropriate vocabulary: savings and loan and crisis. | | | Let's imagine that we are researching the savings and loan crisis of the 1980s. |
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http://www.wiu.edu/users/wat100/onlineclass/catalog/subject2
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| | [No title] |
| | Example Projects: Pentagon spending on services; telecommunications and global financial services; US commercial bank failures; savings and loan crisis; geography of the Internet; postmodernism and the localities question. | | | Interests: Political economy of regional development; industrial restructuring; services; military spending; international trade; social theory and philosophy. | | | "Spatial Dimensions of the Savings and Loan Crisis." Growth and Change 27:135-155. |
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http://garnet.acns.fsu.edu/~bwarf
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| | Results in |
| | Savings and Loan Associations Bailout Crisis, 1987- / Evaluation | | | those who loot [the savings and loan system] deserve-and will receive-swift and severe punishment. | | | By penning his name to the numbing 371-page savings and loan reform bill, our laissez-faire leader had somehow given birth to one of the U.S. government's most powerful regulatory apparatuses: the Office of Thrift Supervision (OTS), deputized to drain the swamp of our nation's S&Ls. |
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http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1316/is_n1-2_v24/ai_11753705
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| | Crime and Justice Abstracts: Vol. 18 (1993) |
| | can be attributed to the economic and regulatory structure of the deregulated savings and loan industry. | | | Thrift deregulation in the early 1980s, in conjunction with federal insurance on thrift deposits, produced a "criminogenic environment" in which opponunities for fraud were extensive and risks were minimal. | | | Crime and fraud were central factors in the savings and loan crisis. |
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http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/CJ/abstracts/CJv18p203abstract.html
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| | George Bush Presidential Library and Museum |
| | We've got a big problem in this savings and loan. | | | There are no easy answers and no worrying about the blame -- plenty to go around. | | | Speaker, Leader Mitchell, Dole, Bob Michel, for coming down here. |
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http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/papers/1989/89020300.html
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| | [No title] |
| | Perspective: Savings and Loan crisis provides history lesson | | | To read this article, become a Member of Inman News now! | | | Banks in real estate development carries heavy risk |
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http://www.inman.com/inmannews.aspx?ID=50149
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| | THE SAVINGS AND LOAN CRISIS. |
| | Analysis of the current S&L crisis, including background to the problem, role of inflation and deregulation in the development of the problem, estimates of the magnitude of the problem, and a discussion of potential solutions. |
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http://www.academicresearchpapers.com/abstracts/9000/09476.html
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