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| | Unasylva - No. 142 - Special issue: Forest administration for development - The evolution of forestry legislation for ... |
 | | To provide rural people with access to this resource, comparative law offers a whole range of possibilities that can be grouped under two headings, according to whether their purpose is merely to guarantee rural communities a share in forest resources or whether it is to involve them in the creation and management of such resources. | | | Whether rural communities are merely allowed to share forest products or whether they manage and exploit them, they will always need a national forest service to safeguard the resource and to guide their activities. | | | The means available to the State for involving rural inhabitants in the establishment and exploitation of the forest resource differ according to whether public or private lands are concerned. |
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http://www.fao.org/docrep/q4030E/q4030e04.htm
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| | AGRARIAN REFORM |
| | Today there is a consensus that rural development policy should include both agrarian reform and the strengthening of small property ownership and of family agriculture, as well as the creation of more employment and better income opportunities in the countryside. | | | Excluded from rural credit mechanisms and disregarded by official agricultural policies, the small producers had been overwhelmed by corporate business expansion in the countryside, losing their lands and ceasing their production. | | | The policy of resettling the landless could become ineffective if it fails to reverse the rural exodus of the small farmers; it won't be able to compete with the process of de-settlement which, in practice, is a reversal of agrarian reform. |
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http://www.planalto.gov.br/publi_04/COLECAO/AGRAIN6.HTM
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| | The Wilson Quarterly |
| | The fate of rural areas will be linked more directly than before to national and global economic, political, and social forces--the forces that directly and indirectly influence the millions of individual decisions that people and businesses make about where to locate. | | | Such advances have freed businesses to light out for the hinterlands and all their perceived advantages: lower labor and land costs, the absence of unions, what many executives see as the superior work ethic of the rural labor force, and economic incentive programs offered by state and local governments. | | | Retirees lured to an area by low living costs and scenic beauty may not be sympathetic to pleas to increase spending on public schools. |
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http://www.luc.edu/depts/sociology/johnson/TheWilsonQuarterly.html
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| | Rural exodus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | The definition may also include a form of rural gentrification, in which the presence of wealthier immigrants from more populated areas raises property values and housing prices for long-time residents. | | | While this phenomenon might be beneficial for property owners willing to sell at higher prices, it also tends to raise property taxes and make it more difficult for locals to afford housing (of particular concern to low-income residents and renters). | | | This is related to the fact that with mechanization (or any other change in the method of production which increases productivity) fewer people are needed to bring the same amount of agricultural output to market. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_exodus
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| | Modules on gender, population & rural development with a focus on land tenure & farming system* - (November ... |
| | In Malaysia, most of the remittances are used to maintain rural families or repay social debt and only a small portion of the remittances are used directly as investment for rural development. | | | While there are distinctive differences between intrinsically urban and intrinsically rural populations, urban/rural differentiation is more appropriately perceived as a continuum rather than a strict dichotomy. | | | If what farmers receive from their urban kin does not exceed what they provide them with in return, and they do not reap enough profit from this exchange, this system of family assistance could threaten subsistence production. |
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http://www.fao.org/docrep/x0252e/x0252e04.htm
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| | Delta Farm Press: Turning exodus around…: Rural areas have great opportunities |
| | But with globalization there are places with even cheaper land and labor. | | | But in almost every case those opportunities for rural America represent a new way of doing business. | | | Put simply, Drabenstott's message - presented at the 2003 Agriculture-Business Conference at Arkansas State University on Feb. 19 - centers around this single sentence: commodities may be the wrong business to be in. |
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http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0HEE/is_11_60/ai_98750202
(1408 words)
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| | [No title] |
| | On the contrary, the rural population of the majority of developing countries is earning the same nominal figures, but the real value of the US dollar has tremendously dropped down. | | | The business plan should evaluate the level of risk of the proposed business, the sensitivity level of the plan's implementation, and also serving as a control instrument by which the entrepreneur can test the achievements of his business. | | | Parallel to this phenomena, the multi-purpose cooperative, the Moshav, has lost many of its functions, among them the most important, is the mutual guarantee among members, which enabled the acquisition of cheaper credit for production in the past. |
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http://www.coopgalor.com/doc/Non-AgricultureEmployment.doc
(5140 words)
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| | Identification of the farmer |
| | And, the government must make the institutional systems to solve the income gap between rural society and urban one and to refund farmers "the victim of industrialization" the extra income. | | | If farmers can get the secure income and do their labour lightly, it is equal to clear off the most dark cloud in the problems of the rural society. | | | The social security system must is made ultimately to enable all the people to receive equal benefits. |
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http://altair.chonnam.ac.kr/~ksna/open.htm
(2317 words)
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| | FADINAP News Service |
| | But if Beijing bungles the transition, huge imports of cheap grain would erode already depressed rural incomes, accelerating an exodus to the cities which could spawn crime and unemployment and even put pressure on the household registration system used by the authorities as a cornerstone of social control. | | | Here, economics collides with politics, because a root cause of the urban/rural divide is the household registration system, which deters migration from the countryside by denying immigrant workers health care, education and housing benefits. | | | “The lid on labour mobility will not be effective forever because it causes pressure to build up in the rural sector and pushes more people into a marginal urban life,” they wrote. |
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http://www.fadinap.org/news/news118.htm
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| | The urban areas |
| | In addition, the costs of building this rural infrastructure would be very low, far less than the costs of the excessive luxury that marks some sectors in most of our cities. | | | It must be strictly planned so as to respond to the needs of the rural and urban economies and the services essential to them. | | | The great mass of the urban unemployed of rural origin, who suffer from malnutrition and poor health, would surely return to the countryside where they would henceforth be guaranteed a job and all the material and psychological conditions that provide a family with security. |
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http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/uu30ce/uu30ce0g.htm
(1230 words)
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| | Ashoka Fellow Profile - Fábio Luiz de Oliveira Rosa |
| | Stopping and even reversing the rural exodus means less burden on city services. | | | His program demonstrates the possibilities and benefits of bringing marginalized citizens into the economy as active participants and beneficiaries. | | | Easy credit and abundant resources enabled Electobras, the federal energy agency, and private companies with state concessions to implement a model of energy distribution that used highly sophisticated and expensive technology. |
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http://www.ashoka.org/fellows/viewprofile3.cfm?reid=96996
(1239 words)
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| | CFP Report 5: Urban Agriculture Research in West Africa: Record, Capacities and Opportunities: Centro Internacional de ... |
| | It would be advisable to investigate whether such agencies exist and which of their institutional strengths and weaknesses would be of interest to the proposed research. | | | The major contradiction here is easily seen: considering other alternatives (imperative) for developing rural areas, what are the real opportunity costs of a policy for increasing UA(presupposing the absence of physical constraints)? | | | In fact, this type of reasoning is applicable to all the survival strategies noted during the postcolonial period in developing countries, particularly in Africa: rural exodus, the appearance of shanty towns, extensive growth of the informal sector in different areas of activity, etc. This removes any specificity in the analysis of UA. |
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http://www.idrc.org.sg/es/ev-2056-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html
(3218 words)
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| | Rural Health Advocate |
| | The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, for example, put forward recently a philosophy of rural policy that shifts focus from industrial sector to place, from subsidy to competitive advantage, and from strict government based on hierarchy and turf to principles of governance such as flexibility and collaboration. | | | Stories of communities crossing jurisdictional lines to work together on issues that do not respect those lines. | | | That's the only way rural concerns will ever become national concerns and get the support they deserve. |
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http://www.csrha.org/advocate/2.1/rupri.html
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| | VI. Development of non-farm rural activities |
| | (i) Institute and strengthen continuing education programmes for men and women on equal terms, including retraining and reorientation for public officials, policy-makers and administrators, technicians and educators, especially to improve their understanding of the conditions and problems of rural areas and their ability to respond to the needs of the rural poor. | | | (vi) Make effective use of regional and national centres to serve as focal points for the dissemination of appropriate basic rural technological skills and crafts. | | | Integrated rural development requires the rapid growth of non-farm economic activities and opportunities for employment, especially through rural industries, and expanded infrastructures for power supply, transport and communication, housing, water supply, marketing and storage facilities, with due regard to technology and scale so as to benefit the rural poor. |
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http://www.fao.org/docrep/u8719e/U8719e04.htm
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| | Rural sociology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Net cash farm income was projected at US$ 53.7 billion for 1999. | | | Rural America is also experiencing an economic slump, for instance in 1999 the prices for sweetcorn, wheat, and soybeans were all down about 33% from the 1995-1998 average. | | | 1995, there were 2,288 rural counties in the US, constituting 83% of the land and home to 21% (51,000,000) of the population. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_sociology
(644 words)
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| | Bush Telegraph - 18/06/2003: Drought prompts rural skills exodus |
| | : Director of Rural Enterprises - a Western Australian rural employment agency | | | Last week we heard Deputy Prime Minister John Anderson express concern about a skills drain, where businesses and farms having to let people go - people that will never come back. | | | He spoke to Bush Telegraph's Keiren McLeonard recently about the problem as he sees it. |
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http://www.abc.net.au/rural/telegraph/stories/s882436.htm
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| | afrol News - Sexist stereotypes cause "rural exodus" in Algeria |
| | The percentage of women in rural areas was already down at 49 percent, he said, pointing to recent surveys. | | | Responding to questions about rural women, an Algerian government representative noted what he called "a rural exodus in the past few years," as consequence of the poor position of women there. | | | Even in rural areas, school drop-out rates were now higher among boys than girls, according to the Algerian government. |
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http://www.afrol.com/printable_article/15211
(646 words)
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| | intervenants |
| | For scenario 1, there will be 1.69 billion Chinese in the year 2050, for scenario 2 (rural exodus) there will be 1.56 billion, and for scenario 3, there will be 1.4 billion. | | | The probable rise in the age of childbearing and in that of the age death are also to be taken into account. | | | In this case, urban population can be expected to represent only 60 % of the total in 2050. |
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http://www.unesco.org/aforum/dialogues/d36-trad.html
(581 words)
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| | League of Professional Schools |
| | They have also developed an issues paper that was submitted to government officials key legislators. | | | The community is involved in the work of the League by participating in curriculum development, community celebrations, decision making processes at local school sites, League-sponsored forums on rural education issues. | | | The League strives to infuse the decision making process with information from both outside and within each school. |
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http://www.ruraledu.org/projects/league.htm
(233 words)
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| | Rural Exodus for Work Fractures Chinese Family - New York Times |
| | Migrant wages have stagnated, education and health costs are rising, and the rural social safety net has collapsed -- a crushing combination that is a major reason the income divide is widening so rapidly in China at the expense of the rural poor. | | | But Shan's parents, strapped with debt and obligation, are among the untold millions of people in rural China caught in a brutal cycle. | | | Studies show that medical costs are the leading reason that people fall into poverty in China. |
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http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9902E1DB1330F932A15751C1A9629C8B63&fta=y
(803 words)
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| | Goodbye Village, Hello City BBC World Service |
| | The trend is therefore very significant, more significant in many respects than global population increase. | | | Economic globalisation, and especially the creation of a world market in food, is tending to marginalise many traditional economic activities in the countryside, and subsistence agriculture is the most marginal and vulnerable of the lot. | | | Fifty years ago, for example, apples from the orchards of neighbouring Kent were a major source of vitamin C for Londoners. |
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http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/people/highlights/010205_goodbye.shtml
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| | Global Exchange : reuters071601.html |
| | Low world prices, a lack of credit and poor weather have nearly brought the coffee industry to a standstill in this part of the country. | | | Zeledon said several mayors in the departments of Matagalpa and Jinotega have agreed that a national emergency plan is required to provide coffee growers with financing. | | | Hundreds of unemployed coffee workers and their families live in provisional housing, and at least six children have died from hunger in recent weeks, according to local press reports. |
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http://www.globalexchange.org/campaigns/fairtrade/coffee/news2001/reuters071601.html
(772 words)
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| | Brazil News 24/7 - Nothing But Brazil - Brazzil Magazine - Fresh news daily - English-language Magazine on Brazilian ... |
| | The survey points out that migration is directly related to jobs and that young women seek work in the services sector or as maids. | | | That works out to a loss of 1.2 million people in five years, or around 30% of the total rural population. | | | The survey also found one possible answer to the question of why more women abandon the farm: in rural areas women have a higher level of education than men (55% of young men have only a fourth grade education; for women the number is 42%). |
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http://www.brazzilmag.com/content/view/187/41
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| | Railways and the Rural Exodus |
| | Regardless of whether boundary changes alter a district’s perimeter and area, standardizing our population figures by calculating the ratio of people per unit of area will provide us with a reliable measuring stick for gauging degrees of rural de-population. | | | In the earlier period, especially before 1870, rail service in rural areas was non-existent or limited. | | | We come at last to a problem with which we began: the relationship between the extension of the rail system into the countryside and rural de-population. |
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http://mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/rail/workingcopiesmmla/railsexodus.html
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| | Fair Trade? : Rural Exodus to Even Worse Poverty |
| | Studies carried out by organizations such as Brazil's Contag and Via Campesina show that the decline in the prices paid to producers is not reflected in a reduction of the price paid by consumers. | | | The continuation of policies that deprive small farmers of control over their own ability to choose what they will plant and where they will sell their products is generating an enormous rural exodus in developing countries. | | | According to Jose Bove, the only weapon available to a small farmer anywhere in the world to try and curb the decline in the family income is to increase production, which drives prices even lower. |
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http://www.ipsnews.net/focus/tv_unctad/viewstory.asp?idn=311
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| | Flavio Scholles: The complete work |
| | The countryman comes to the city in search of an education, of work. | | | The rural exodus creates an impact on the urban environment with the appearance of more slums and more constructions in the outskirts of the cities, the marginalization of the individual and the impossibility of some sort of urban planning. | | | He feels like a non-being, like a piece of an engine, like a number. |
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http://members.aol.com/artengo/p_eng/e_cyclea.htm
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| | Talk:Exurb - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Exurbs tend to be populated by people that work in the city and bring their capital home to spend on local services, thus retaining the urban connections that are characteristically severed by the more recent developments called by the US Census Bureau "micropolises". | | | Exurbs are commonly viewed as the only rural communities which are directly benefiting from the rural exodus. | | | Exurbs are increasingly faced with problems of over-crowding and pollution along with exaustion of services such as cooking, dry cleaning, parcel-delivery, repairs, and systems maintenance. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Exurb
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| | The Australian: Exodus of rural obstetricians [September 20, 2005] |
| | The Australian: Exodus of rural obstetricians [September 20, 2005] | | | But the study, published in the Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, found 50 of the 109 rural obstetricians in the public system, and 43 of the 81 in the private system, planned to leave by the end of the decade. | | | HALF the obstetricians in country towns are expected to retire or quit within five years, placing "a major economic and social strain" on regional families. |
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http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5744,16659790^2702,00.html
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| | Rural Depopulation |
| | This was also the time when the national income was doubling, and everyone knew that the extra cash was in the urban areas, and not on the farms. | | | Times were still hard after the war, especially in rural areas which were slow to receive the benefits of economic growth. | | | The farmers themselves were still flushed with the new opportunities offered by the post-war land reform which put land ownership in their hands and were happy to see their children take-up these exciting new work prospects. |
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http://hkuhist2.hku.hk/nakasendo/depopula.htm
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| | INFORSE - Sustainable Energy News |
| | The project will help to reduce the rural exodus by encouraging diversification of economic activities as well as improvement of health conditions and quality of life. | | | Rural exodus is the well-known phenomenon whereby people leave their villages to try and find work in the cities, and it is a problem that needs tackling in many developing countries. | | | Long-term sustainability will be ensured by the sale of pumped water (at a price all villagers can afford), which will provide funds for social measures and for maintenance of the solar installation. |
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http://www.inforse.dk/s_e_news_art.php3?id=160
(985 words)
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| | BBC NEWS Northern Ireland Union plan for rural schools |
| | The NAS/UWT's annual conference in Londonderry has made the issue a keynote debate and members will be asked to vote on a plan which would safeguard rural schools by uniting clusters of them under a single board of governors and one principal. | | | In the four years up to last year, the UFU said about a tenth of their members had left the industry because of the problems which are affecting all agricultural sectors. | | | Teachers in Northern Ireland are to vote on a plan to save rural primary schools as concerns grow about depopulation of the countryside. |
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http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/2785793.stm
(284 words)
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| | Expatica's French news in English: A French countryside revolution |
| | The French rural exodus is now in reverse, a government report reveals, as the countryside increasingly attracts townsfolk — and expatriate retirees. | | | It is one of the challenges for public policy to help give a positive direction to their development," DATAR says. | | | But it added that the distribution of sevices is uneven, with poorly-populated areas often having better provision than areas that are growing. |
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http://www.expatica.com/source/site_article.asp?subchannel_id=25&story_id=1713
(839 words)
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| | Paul Hawken, James Ogilvy, and Peter Schwartz - Rural Renaissance |
| | As the migration to rural America proceeded, it took with it many small businesses - manufacturing, service, and communication. | | | The rural areas that offered good living conditions in terms of food, liberal building codes, friendly people, and ample resources, saw their stock soar. | | | Suburbs that had access to viable industries saw a modest decline in living standards and a tremendous increase in community participation in government, policing, services, and planning. |
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http://www.context.org/ICLIB/IC01/Hawken.htm
(1035 words)
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| | GO.HRW.COM |
| | In the United States, there has been a major relocation of the population from the country (rural population) to the city (urban population). | | | This site contains data from the United States Census Bureau on urban, rural, and total U.S. population from 1790 to 1990. | | | In this activity, we will find out exactly how this migration has proceeded, and we will use our results to make predictions for the future. |
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http://go.hrw.com/hrw.nd/gohrw_rls1/pKeywordResults?MA1+Rural+Exodus
(100 words)
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| | Calvin Beale |
| | He produced the first comprehensive report on Black farmers, chronicling the circumstances that helped generate a massive rural exodus by Blacks from 1920 to 1960. | | | He was among the first demographers to note that an influx of Hispanic residents accounted for a quarter of all nonmetro population change in 1990-2000. | | | His firsthand observations and conversations with local officials and residents, combined with incisive analysis of data, have yielded precise readings of the rural population pulse. |
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http://www.ers.usda.gov/Amberwaves/feb03/profiles/beale.htm
(383 words)
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| | Rural Policy Research Institute : Editorials |
| | These commentaries are intended to help further RUPRI's mission to "facilitate public dialogue concerning the impacts of public policy on rural people and places." | | | Rural Entrepreneurs Get a Lift from Farm Bill | | | Moving from Value to Vision for Rural America |
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http://www.rupri.org/editorial?edID=16&ACTION=READ
(166 words)
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| | Rural exodus challenges Head Start program |
| | Federal spending for the preschool program more than doubled statewide in the last decade, from $11.6 million in 1993 to $27.4 million last year, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. | | | "The challenge is the rural nature of the counties we serve and the transportation issues," said Jeanie Mills, executive director of Child and Family Opportunities Inc. in Ellsworth, the local Head Start provider. | | | d=4,6 w%90WASHINGTON — The struggling Head Start program spanning Hancock and Washington counties shows the challenges in providing help to the rural poor at a time of rising demand for public assistance. |
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http://www.pressherald.com/news/children/031214castjansen.shtml
(775 words)
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| | Global Village Energy Project: Site Content: Mali: Solar Rural Electrification to Combat Rural Exodus |
| | The project was conceived by the Mali-Folkecenter and the Danish Folkecenter to meet the demands of a target group that directly expressed their need for support for water supply, health and education to combat rural exodus during participative needs analysis meetings. | | | This will be an important resource in the future, when demand for rural solar technicians rises due to the new World Bank HEURA (Household Energy & Universal Rural Access) project. | | | A Solar Training Centre has been established in the project area to allow in depth training in solar energy. |
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http://www.gvep.org/content/general/detail/6666
(300 words)
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| | Red Cross Red Crescent - News archives |
| | Ishbadin, a community leader and a local authority member, bears witness to the exodus and, unless good rain comes shortly, he will be part of it. | | | He, too, has lost most of his lifestock. | | | But the signs are of a rural exodus. |
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http://www.ifrc.org/docs/news/97/97100702
(502 words)
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| | USAID Telling Our Story: Guinea - A Solution to Poverty and Rural Exodus |
| | Like many other young Guineans, who were forced to drop out of school due to a lack of funds, rural exodus was Aboubacar’s only hope for escaping the poverty in which he grew up. | | | At the age of 25, Aboubacar Bailo Diallo had plans to leave his hometown of Boulliwel in search of work in the Guinean capital of Conakry. | | | Aboubacar’s father convinced him to enroll in a USAID-funded six-week training program in poultry husbandry, being offered by OICI’s Livestock Farm in Tolo, as an alternative to leaving home. |
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http://www.usaid.gov/stories/guinea/fp_guinea_chicken.html
(400 words)
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| | Teacher mentoring to halt rural exodus |
| | The program aims to connect beginning and experienced teachers in a network that can address teaching problems before they lead to a decision to quit the profession. | | | While some see the Internet as a barrier to human interaction, in rural and remote areas of NSW it is proving a useful tool for beginning teachers who might otherwise feel they’re battling professional problems alone. | | | Education researchers at the University of Technology Sydney have been at the centre of the development of a mentoring program, including an online mentoring network, designed to stem the migration of teachers away from rural and remote areas. |
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http://www.uts.edu.au/new/archives/2001/April/03.html
(290 words)
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| | The Great Divide A Missing Generation: Rural Exodus For Work Fractures Chinese Family |
| | A MISSING GENERATION Rural Exodus for Work Fractures Chinese Family By JIM YARDLEY HUANGHU, China - Yang Shan is in fourth grade and spends a few hours every day practicing her Chinese characters. | | | A Missing Generation: Rural Exodus For Work Fractures Chinese Family | | | Corporate America, too, periodically gets religion--in the form of workplace |
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http://www.webprowire.com/summaries/939471.html
(236 words)
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| | [No title] |
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http://www.factoryfarm.org/docs/Weida.DepopCAFO.PrsRel.5021.doc
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