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| | Recent Issues |
 | | The pigeonpea equivalent yield, gross returns as well as net returns observed with all the intercropping systems were higher than their respective sole crops. | | | However, the higher net returns, benefit : cost ratio, value : cost ratio and monetary advantage index values were observed with pigeonpea+sesame intercropping systems, irrespective of the planting pattern of the pigeonpea. | | | The highest gross returns were obtained when pigeonpea (60 cm) was grown with okra as intercrop. |
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http://www.cropresearch.org/pages/issue.html
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| | Brambles - Production Management and Marketing, Bulletin 782-99, Chapter |
| | Economically, raspberries or blackberries are considered to be a medium- to high-risk investment because of a high initial investment, a delay for two or more years in returns, the biological factors including the climate (weather extremes), and the high volume of fixed costs. | | | The purchase of land, equipment, irrigation, and labor requirements are economic decisions. | | | Low yields and few hours of machine usage per year increase the cost of machine-harvested berries. |
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http://ohioline.osu.edu/b782/b782_34.html
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| | Encyclopedia: Behavioral economics |
| | Behavioral finance and behavioral economics are closely related fields which apply scientific research on human and social cognitive and emotional biases (see cognitive bias) to better understand economic decisions and how they affect market prices, returns and the allocation of resources. | | | Perhaps the most important paper in the development of the behavioural finance and economics fields was written by Kahneman and Tversky in 1979. | | | Shlomo Benartzi; Richard H. Thaler 'Myopic Loss Aversion and the Equity Premium Puzzle' (1995) The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. |
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http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Behavioral-economics
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| | Eastern Economic Journal: Alternative Principles of Economics |
| | All view economics as a science, albeit a young science; all endorse market activity as an efficient means of raising standards of living; but all three qualify their enthusiasm for markets with the recognition that there is an important role for government to play in the economy. | | | Chapter Two presents the conventional account of the supply curve based on the law of diminishing returns, a discussion of the history of diminishing returns, a critique of this account based on Sraffa's famous article on the subject [The Laws of Returns under Competitive Conditions. | | | Principles of Political Economy by John Stuart Mill, Principles of Economics by Alfred Marshall, and Economics by Paul Samuelson, each shaped a generation of students. |
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http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3620/is_200210/ai_n9119718
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| | toc.htm |
| | Fetter’s vision of the economic system was essentially that consumer utilities and demands set consumer goods’ prices, that individual factors earn their marginal productivity, and then that all of these returns are discounted by the rate of interest or time preference, with the creditor or capitalist earning the discount. | | | Until Keynes, economics had provided an unpopular bulwark against inflation and deficit spending; but now with Keynes, and armed with his cloudy obscure, and quasi-mathematical jargon, economists could rush into a popular and profitable coalition with politicians and governments anxious to expand their influence and power. | | | Keynesian economics was beautifully tailored to be the intellectual armor for the modern Welfare State, for interventionism and statism on a vast and mighty scale. |
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http://www.libertarianpress.com/rothbard/essential/toc.htm
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| | Economics of Precision Ag |
| | The simple economics of a new technology is that if the returns from using the new technology are greater than the costs of the new technology, then use it. | | | Economics is easy to explain in a business setting because we can use dollar measures. | | | Whatever your level of economic understanding, it is strongly suggested that you carefully read sections 2.0 to 8.0 to fully understand the applications of economics to precision agriculture found in sections 9.0 to 13.0. |
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http://www.agri.wsu.edu/505/CH10.HTM
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| | HIGH TECHNOLOGY AND THE ECONOMICS OF STANDARDIZATION |
| | Occasionally, technolgical uncertainty and increasing returns to adoption are so strong that the market is stalled, since without a strong standard market participation is too risky to be profitable. | | | From the point of view of the economics of standardization and technical choice this shift is important in two ways: first simply as a shift; and second as a shift to high technology. | | | With large expenditures on R and D come increasing returns to scale, since R and D need only be done once. |
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http://www.cgl.uwaterloo.ca/~racowan/HighTechStand.html
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| | Returns to scale - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | In economics, returns to scale and economies of scale are terms that are related, and sometimes incorrectly used interchangeably. | | | Economies of scale tend to occur in industries with high capital costs in which those costs can be distributed across a large number of units of production (both in absolute terms, and, especially, relative to the size of the market).A common example is a factory. | | | Returns to scale refers to a technical property of production that predicts what happens to output if the quantity of all input factors is increased by some amount of scale. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economies_of_scale
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| | Dynamist.com: Islamic economics, "Islam & Mammon" by Timur Kuran |
| | Islamic banks also invest in debt securities and pay depositors returns that fluctuate with prevailing interest rates. | | | In recent decades, Islamic economics has come to mean three things, all supposedly rooted in the ''golden age'' of seventh-century Arabia: a ban on interest, a wealth tax known as zakat, and honesty and altruism in commercial dealings. | | | Islamic economics was one of many terms -- including Islamic sociology, Islamic democracy and Islamic constitutionalism -- that Mawdudi used to give Western concepts a Muslim identity. |
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http://www.dynamist.com/articles-speeches/nyt/kuran.html
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| | Diminishing returns - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | In economics, diminishing returns is the short form of diminishing marginal returns. | | | A consequence of diminishing marginal returns is that as total investment increases, the total return on investment as a proportion of the total investment (the average product or return) also decreases. | | | However, if there are diminishing marginal returns, that additional kilogram will produce less than one additional tonne of harvestable crop (on the same land, during the same growing season, and with nothing else but the amount of seeds planted changing). |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminishing_returns
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| | Steady-State Economics, by Herman Daly |
| | As the flow of resource throughput is increased with a given fund of labor and capital, the productivity of the resource flow must, by the law of diminishing returns, decrease. | | | Since the incomes of capital and labor are tied to their respective productivities, it becomes necessary to increase these productivities. | | | The annual production flow is the cost of maintaining the stock, and though necessary, should be minimized for any given stock level. |
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http://dieoff.org/page88.htm
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| | Chapter 4(models6) - Briassoulis |
| | These models can take into account various socio-economic factors such as returns per acre, net economic benefits, prices of inputs and outputs (products) associated with land use conversion (Parks 1991, Pfaff 1999). | | | economic sectors related to ecologic commodities), represents the production of pollutants by the economic sectors and forced on the environment. | | | Finally, it has to be kept in mind that I-O analysis in general is predicated on a demand-driven model of economic development which does not account for supply side factors, a particularly sensitive and critical issue when it comes to the constraints imposed by land use and the environment. |
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http://www.rri.wvu.edu/WebBook/Briassoulis/chapter4(models6).htm
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| | Centre for Increasing Returns and Economic Organisation (CIREO) |
| | Monash University &; Business & Economics > Centre for Increasing Returns and Economic Organisation | | | Welcome to Centre for Increasing Returns and Economic Organisation (CIREO) | | | The objective of CIREO is to promote research on the implications of increasing returns for economic analysis, economic organization and policy. |
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http://community.buseco.monash.edu.au/inframarginal/teaching/textbook/economics/econ-ref.htm
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| | Large-scale, Confinement Animal Feeding Operations: |
| | Economics dictates that we maximize production from free resources if we are to maximize profits. | | | Thus, the costs associated with larger scale production have declined and the returns from large-scale, corporate production have increased. | | | From a short-run economic perspective, production from a given piece of land should continue to be increased as long as the value of additional production exceeds the added cost of creating that production. |
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http://www.ssu.missouri.edu/faculty/jikerd/papers/top-10h.htm
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| | The Principles of Economics, by Frank Fetter |
| | Frank Fetter's 1904 treatise, Principles of Economics, virtually impossible to find prior to this web edition, constructed a general theory of economics in the Austrian tradition that went unsurpassed until Ludwig von Mises's treatise of 1940, Nationaloekonomie. | | | The Law of Diminishing Returns: Definition of the concept of (Economic) Diminishing Returns; Other Meanings of the Phrase “Diminishing Returns”; Development of the Concept of Diminishing Returns (61) | | | The crisis follows when the inflation ceases which causes the mistaken capital values of the boom to suddenly correct downward and, in turn, results in the bankruptcy, unemployment, and retrenchment of the depression. |
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http://www.mises.org/etexts/fetter.asp
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| | Social Studies - Economics |
| | The learner will be able to demonstrate an understanding of the law of diminishing returns. | | | The learner will be able to explain how US fiscal policy promotes economic growth by using government spending and taxation programs to impact the level of economic activity. | | | The learner will be able to comprehend that one nation's economic conditions and policies affect the economic conditions and policies in other nations. |
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http://www.lewis.k12.ky.us/curriculum/CR4378.HTM
(377 words)
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| | Returns to scale in producing human capital from schooling -- Trostel 56 (3): 461 -- Oxford Economic Papers |
| | Acemoglu, D. ‘A microfoundation for social increasing returns in human capital accumulation’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 111, 779–804. | | | returns to investments that perpetually exceed their costs. | | | Harmon, C., Oosterbeek, H., and Walker, I. The Return to Education: A Review of Evidence, Issues and Deficiencies in the Literature, Centre for the Economics of Education, London. |
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http://oep.oupjournals.org/cgi/content/full/56/3/461?ijkey=60RG10wzROAEI&keytype=ref
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| | BBG Bulletin Board :: The Fundamentals of Economics in Ten Minutes or Less |
| | In economics this is called the law of diminishing returns. | | | Generally it is a system of economics that permits the private ownership of the means of production. | | | That is based on the socialist principal of sharing property, risk and management. |
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http://www.balticbankinggroup.com/bboard/10min.html
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| | Neoclassical Economics Incomplete |
| | The taxing of wages and capital returns has a much different economic impact than taxing land rent, the former being a burden to the economy, and the latter actually being a benefit to the economy. | | | One current economics textbook tells students that "modern advanced" economics does not use these traditional categories because the division of national income among workers, landowners, and capital owners is not a central issue for economists today. | | | Students in typical college economics courses think they are getting a true picture of the economy, and don't realize that major chunks of the picture are missing. |
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http://www.progress.org/archive/fold23.htm
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| | Mansfield & Yohe, Micro Economics, 11th Ed |
| | Economic profit The difference between a firm’s revenues and its costs, where the latter include the returns that could be gotten from the most lucrative alternative use of all of the firm’s resources. | | | Insurance An economic institution by which individuals can reduce their risk by purchasing some degree of coverage against various losses. | | | Profit The difference between a firm’s revenue and its total economic costs; it is also called “economic profit.” |
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http://www.culturaleconomics.atfreeweb.com/213/Glossary%20of%20Terms%2011th.htm
(5443 words)
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| | Computer Laboratory - Economics and Law |
| | Information goods and services markets tend to be characterised by high fixed costs, low marginal costs and increasing returns to scale, together with lock-in effects, all of which tend to lead to monopoly or oligopoly. | | | Economics deals with mechanisms whereby global equilibria emerge from the behaviour of large numbers of agents who optimise their utility locally. | | | Cambridge economics students cut their teeth on Varian's textbook, `Intermediate Microeconomics', of which your college library should have many copies. |
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http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/Teaching/2004/EconLaw
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| | Austrian economics explains why privatisation works |
| | Hayek, a leading member of the Austrian school of economics, pointed out that the market is also a discovery process, the costs of which are spread among thousands of firms and thus the economy. | | | Although it has been many years since the Austrian school of economics explained the nature and benefits of free markets the lesson has yet to sink in with socialists, despite the determined efforts of supporters of Austrian economics. | | | The accounting approach on which state industries are basically forced to rely on as a substitute for entrepreneurship is based on calculating the monetary value of inputs and outputs and comparative rates of returns. |
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http://www.brookesnews.com/041005_austrian_economics.html
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| | Citations: Increasing Returns and Path Dependence in the Economy - Arthur (ResearchIndex) |
| | ....returns and of diminishing returns in economics are some of the manifestations of this phenomenon in the practical world. | | | On the one hand, the engaging historical accounts of Jacobs ( 13] and [14] and Cronon [5] and a recognition of the importance of increasing returns in the economy writ large (Arthur | | | The law of diminishing returns observes that as an agent accumulates resources from a particular source, the initial accumulation is cheap and easy, but as the resource is depleted and or competitors arise, capturing the resources becomes increasingly costly. |
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http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/context/129934/0
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| | What is Austrian Economics |
| | Turgot solved the famous diamond-water paradox that baffled later classical economists, articulated the law of diminishing returns, and criticized usury laws (a sticking point with the Late Scholastics). | | | He realized that economics is not about the amassing of data, but rather about the verbal elucidation of universal facts (for example, wants are unlimited, means are scarce) and their logical implications. | | | As professor of economics at the University of Vienna, and then tutor to the young but ill-fated Crown Prince Rudolf of the House of Habsburg, Menger restored economics as the science of human action based on deductive logic, and prepared the way for later theorists to counter the influence of socialist thought. |
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http://www.mises.org/etexts/austrian.asp
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| | EconLog, China, India and Deflation, Arnold Kling: Library of Economics and Liberty |
| | Deflation means that first world investors will be forced to invest in the third world if they want to see real returns on their capital, especially equity. | | | I think global deflation is [in] the cards as long as we have free trade in goods and services. | | | Of course, the flip side is that the business sector is brutally competitive, but that is the environment that produces world class companies. |
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http://econlog.econlib.org/archives/2003/05/china_india_and.html
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| | Brad Cox, Ph.D. |
| | Romer's shifting economics away from the dismal, away from a fetish with diminishing returns and scarcity, and infused the profession with optimism and the possibility of progress. | | | Resources For Economists On The Internet by Bill Goffe This document is the hypertext version of my guide that lists the many resources on the Internet of interest to academic and practicing economists, and those interested in economics. | | | Collection of papers by Arnold Kling Business and Economics issues of the Internet (mostly WWW and Mosaic). |
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http://virtualschool.edu/mon/Economics
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| | Diminishing returns - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | In economics, diminishing returns is the short form of diminishing marginal returns. | | | A consequence of diminishing marginal returns is that as total investment increases, the total return on investment as a proportion of the total investment (the average product or return) also decreases. | | | The "law" of diminishing marginal returns says that after a possible initial increase in marginal returns, the MPP of an input will fall as the total amount of the input rises (holding all other inputs constant). |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminishing_returns
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| | Key Principles of Economics |
| | In the long run, all factors of production can be varied, and thus, the principle of diminishing returns is not relevant. | | | Spillover costs and benefits are an economic problem because producers and consumers base production and consumption decisions on their own costs or benefits, not total costs or benefits including spillovers. | | | The opportunity cost of a college degree is the direct costs, including tuition and books, plus the opportunity cost of time (the salary you could have earned). |
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http://www.timelyknowledge.com/key_principles_of_economics.htm
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| | Returns to scale - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | In economics, returns to scale and economies of scale are terms that are related, and sometimes incorrectly used interchangeably. | | | Economies of scale tend to occur in industries with high capital costs in which those costs can be distributed across a large number of units of production (both in absolute terms, and, especially, relative to the size of the market). | | | Network externalities resemble economies of scale, but they are not considered such because they are a function of the number of users of a good or service in an industry, not of the production efficiency within a business. |
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http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economies_of_scale
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| | OUP: Increasing Returns and Economic Efficiency: Quinzii |
| | Increasing returns to scale is an area in economics that is becoming more important in the literature. | | | The economic phenomenon of increasing returns presents serious conceptual difficulties for the traditional competitive theory of resource allocation. | | | The author analyses increasing returns using general equilibrium theory to take into account the interactions between production in the public and the private sectors and the effects of financing the public sector on the redistribution of income. |
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http://www.oup.co.uk/isbn/0-19-506553-0
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