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| | [No title] |
 | | Public funds may be used for: 1) public expenditures, 2) outlays of the state budget and the budgets of local government units. | | | Public expenditures may be borne for the purposes and in the amount established in the Budgetary Act, a budgetary resolution of a local government unit and in the financial plan of a unit of the public finance sector. | | | Employees of the public finance sector and other persons with public funds at their disposal, including persons responsible for management of public funds transferred to entities outside the public finance sector, shall be liable for violating discipline of public finances. |
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http://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/pe/BudgetLaws/PolandPublic-Finance.doc
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| | Public finance - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | "Public finance" (government finance) is the field of economics that deals with budgeting the revenues and expenditures of a public sector entity, usually government. | | | Based on the taxing authority of the entity, they issue bonds such as tax increment bonds or revenue bonds. | | | A bond issued by a public sector entity may give tax advantages to its owners. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_finance
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| | The Hindu : Business : Avenues to recast public finances |
| | Public sector undertakings continue to be a burden on government budgets. | | | The fiscal deficit ignores borrowings by public sector undertakings. | | | One of the terms of reference is to suggest a plan for reconstruction of the public finances restoring budgetary balance, achieving macroeconomic stability and debt reduction along with equitable growth. |
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http://www.hindu.com/2004/04/26/stories/2004042600481600.htm
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| | BBC News UK Politics Brown unveils shake-up of public finances |
| | Central to the issue of public spending, he announced that the annual spending review is to be abolished and replaced with "firm plans and fixed budgets for three years at a time". | | | The chancellor said that public finances would be governed by two rules: over the current economic cycle current spending would be covered by revenues and that there must be a prudent debt to GDP ratio. | | | He said that "strong public services would be based on strong public finances, " and that the reforms would end the "boom and bust which has prevented this country from achieving its potential for 30 years". |
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http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/110959.stm
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| | Suomi.fi - Public finances |
| | The Parliamentary Audit Committee and the National Audit Office oversee that central government finances conform to law and are properly managed and that the Budget is executed appropriately. | | | Public finances include general government on-budget activities as well as financial administration and debt servicing. | | | General information on municipal finances: taxes, state subsidies, customer charges, budget and auditing. |
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http://www.suomi.fi/english/money_and_property/public_finances?style=1
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| | Lebanonwire.com Fitch says Lebanon's public finances unsustainable |
| | Public sector external amortisation payments this year are only USD300 million and the country's external liquidity ratio - measuring liquid external assets as a share of amortisations plus short-term liabilities - is comfortably over 100%. | | | Despite the very difficult state of Lebanon's public finances, Fitch does not believe that the sovereign is necessarily facing imminent default. | | | The government is relying increasingly on the Banque du Liban for financing, essentially monetising its debt. |
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http://www.lebanonwire.com/0204/02041101LW.htm
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| | Finansministeriet - 3. Economic policy and public finances |
| | Fiscal policy in 2002 is based on the revised budgets of the local governments and the 2002 central government budget bill. | | | The pressure on public finances from the increasing share of elderly after 2010 will make itself felt on both the expenditure and the revenue side of public budgets. | | | Gross public debt ratio in Denmark and EU The fiscal effect, which measures the first year impact of discretionary fiscal policy changes on GDP, is estimated at 0.2 in 2002, cf. |
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http://www.fm.dk/visArtikel.asp?artikelID=1137
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| | ::: MBO ::: PUBLIC FINANCES IN 2003 ::: |
| | To ensure sustainable public finances, Member States with deficits first need to achieve and sustain the SGP goal of budget positions of 'close to balance or in surplus'. | | | Many Member States in recent years have introduced expenditure rules as a means to improve the management of their public finances and to better control spending items that are subject to overruns. | | | Secondly, the sustainability of public finances has been re-assessed on the basis of the 2002 updates to stability and convergence programmes leading to firm policy conclusions by the Council. |
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http://www.tcin.com/mbo.nsf/print/Public+Finances+in+2003
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| | Public Education Finances 2003 |
| | Public Education Finances 2003 - Data in this report include revenues, expenditures, debt and assets - cash and security holdings - of elementary and secondary public school systems nationally and by state. | | | According to this report, U.S. expenditures for public elementary and secondary education totaled over $453 billion. |
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http://www.ecs.org/html/Document.asp?chouseid=5965
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| | Public finances in Québec, Canada and OECD countries, Ministère des Finances |
| | The purpose of this study is to examine changes in public finances elsewhere in Canada and in OECD countries, and the measures undertaken by these governments to put their finances in order. | | | Public finances in Québec, Canada and OECD countries, Ministère des Finances | | | Public finances in Québec, Canada and OECD countries |
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http://www.finances.gouv.qc.ca/en/documents/publications/angintro.asp
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| | British public finances worsen in May |
| | Britain's public finances worsened in May as increased government spending outpaced growth in tax receipts. | | | Public sector net borrowing, the government's preferred measure of the public sector finances, stood at a deficit of 8.7 billion pounds last month -- hitting its highest monthly level since records began in April 1993. | | | Chancellor of the Exchequer Brown would likely need an improvement in public finances for the economy to meet his 'golden rule' of balancing the budget, excluding investment, over the course of the economic cycle, expected to end in 2005-2006, analysts said. |
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http://www.turkishpress.com/news.asp?id=48270
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| | Algeria PUBLIC FINANCES - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International ... |
| | The government eventually instituted some reforms in public finance management by shifting the responsibility for financing economic activity from the Ministry of Finance to financial institutions and by decentralizing the decision-making process. | | | Ministry of Finance investment financing was limited to strategic projects. | | | Begun in 1986, these reforms were designed to transfer economic financing to local governments and public enterprises, including state-owned banks. |
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http://www.photius.com/countries/algeria/economy/algeria_economy_public_finances.html
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| | Communiqué c2594: 2003-2004 Budget - Press Release 1 of 3 - 2003-2004 BUDGET - RESTORING BALANCE AND TRANSPARENCY ... |
| | Greater transparency in public finances The necessary reorganization of public finances, which is being undertaken in the Budget tabled today, will be carried out with the utmost transparency. | | | The Minister of Finance pledged to publish, every fall, a consultation paper presenting the fiscal environment, components of revenue and expenditure forecasts and the principal issues relative to public finances. | | | Séguin affirmed that, beyond the technical and legal reasons, this Budget had to be tabled because, when the government came to power, it noted that its financial position was far from the one that had been presented by its predecessor. |
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http://communiques.gouv.qc.ca/gouvqc/communiques/GPQE/Juin2003/12/c2594.html
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| | The Scotsman - Business - UK public finances at lowest in six years |
| | Public sector net borrowing figures - the government’s preferred figures, which give an underlying picture - stood at £5.4 billion in December, compared with £2.4 billion the same month the previous year. | | | Brown forecast a public sector net borrowing deficit of £2.5 billion in the current financial year in his November pre-Budget report. | | | BRITAIN’S public finances worsened last month to the lowest level in six years, with a deficit in December of £9.4 billion compared with £6 billion the month before, fresh data showed yesterday. |
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http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/business.cfm?id=79362002
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| | Public Finances |
| | In assessing the fiscal soundness of the budget, it is essential to consider the various elements that underlie the target of a fiscal deficit of 0.5% of GDP. | | | Additional pressures to public finances from the social security system (0.67% of GDP) and interest costs related to the debtors support programs (0.35% of GDP) amount to 1.02% of GDP.This figure implies a significant fiscal effort in order to achieve a deficit of only 0.5% of GDP. | | | Consistent with a track record of strict fiscal discipline, the government’s primary guideline in designing the Budget for 1997 was to produce a fiscally sound budget which is based upon realistic budgetary assumptions. |
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http://www.shcp.gob.mx/english/docs/crit97/crit_eng3.html
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| | Guardian Pessimism over public finances |
| | Britain's public finances will move sharply into the red this year as the global financial market downturn triggers a slump in corporate tax payments, the Chancellor disclosed yesterday. | | | Next year the impact on the public finances is even more severe, with a £2bn deficit now expected to balloon to £12bn. | | | Despite the deterioration, the chancellor is safely within his self-imposed rules for the public finances which are adjusted to allow for the ups and downs of the business cycle. |
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http://www.guardian.co.uk/print/0,3858,4308878-110350,00.html
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| | MEXICO: Public Finances and Public Debt Report April, 2001 |
| | It is worth pointing out that in the month of April the Public Sector balance generally registers an important surplus, given that payments of the personal income tax and of the corporate income tax of companies that consolidate their results concentrate on this month. | | | The financial cost of the public debt was 14.4 billion pesos in April, which represents an increase of 3.7 percent in real terms with respect to last year. | | | Additionally the higher Public Sector balance in April is also explained by the trend in public expenditures. |
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http://www.shcp.gob.mx/english/docs/pfpd_ap01.html
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| | ANNUAL SURVEY OF STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT FINANCES |
| | Finance reports include revenue by source, expenditure by function, indebtedness, and financial holdings. | | | Data for Federal agencies are reformatted and included to show total public sector financial activity. | | | State and local government finance reports and data files are available about 12 months after the survey year. |
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http://www.census.gov/pub/econ/www/go0400.html
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| | Times of Oman |
| | However, the finance minister’s forecast for public sector net borrowing (PSNB) — the government’s preferred measure of public sector finances — was harder to call, analysts said. | | | The PSNCR figure — which measures the public’s need to raise cash — compared with a surprise surplus of 16.86b pounds recorded in January, owing to a rise in tax receipts. | | | Britain’s budget deficit rose as the public sector net cash requirement (PSNCR) recorded a deficit of 616m pounds (887m euros, $1.18b) last month, National Statistics said. |
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http://www.timesofoman.com/newsdetails.asp?newsid=12467
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| | Sustainability of Public Finances |
| | An implication is that an assessment of the sustainability of a country's public finances requires a disaggregate view of its government budget, since just looking at aggregate spending, revenues and the deficit is insufficient for making a valid assessment. | | | In a lunchtime meeting organized by CEPR and ECARE in Brussels on 23 June, Professor Jürgen von Hagen (Universität Bonn, Zentrum für Europäische Integrationsforschung (ZEI) and CEPR) stated that "a basic tenet in the move to European Monetary Union is that monetary stability requires the ‘sustainability’ of public finances". | | | The report proposes that, based on these insights, an analytical procedure focusing on fiscal developments and their institutional underpinnings is utilised to evaluate the sustainability of a country's public finances after a violation of the double standards: |
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http://www.cepr.org/press/LM1411PR.htm
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| | BBC NEWS Business UK public finances back in the black |
| | The UK's public finances enjoyed a return to positive territory in July, although the surplus was smaller than last year as spending increased, official figures have revealed. | | | The ONS also indicated that the government was sticking to its pledge of increased spending on the public sector, up 6.8% on last year. | | | However, in the receipts department, revenues for corporation tax were down 4.6% for the year to date, indicating a possible fall in company profitability. |
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http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/2204970.stm
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| | Fact Sheet on Canal Fulton Public Library Finances |
| | * LLGSF -- This income (distributed to all 88 counties and then dispersed to the 250 public libraries and to a very small percentage of local governments) is funded with 5.7% of the receipts of the Ohio personal income tax. | | | While the financial analysts say that the economy is rebounding, until the Ohio tax revenues increase, we need to be conservative in our spending. | | | As a public institution the library, through its Board of Trustees, has the responsibility to oversee the expenditures wisely. |
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http://www.canal.lib.oh.us/Finance_Fact_Sheet.htm
(631 words)
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| | RTE Business - UK public finances surplus hits 5-yr high |
| | Britain's public finances posted the biggest cash surplus in five years in January, as increasing tax receipts increased the chances of the government meeting its fiscal forecasts for the year. | | | The UK government's preferred accruals based measure showed a public sector net surplus of £6.59 billion pounds, which came in around £3 billion higher on the year. | | | That took borrowing in the fiscal year to January to £30.88 billion, which was £1.4 billion lower than a year earlier and on course to meet Brown's full-year forecasts of £34.2 billion. |
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http://www.rte.ie/business/2005/0218/UK.html
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| | rediff.com: Indian public finances: a drama but no crisis yet: Reuters |
| | And because more and more of current spending is financed by borrowing, the interest bill is growing ever larger, fanning fears that India's public finances might spin out of control. | | | The bad news for India's public finances is that the firm has only 100 buses. | | | Those concerns prompted international rating agencies to cut India's local-currency ratings earlier this month; the International Monetary Fund urged the government to put the public finances on a sustainable path and the state's own auditor warned that outstanding debt levels were "uncomfortably high". |
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http://www.rediff.com/money/2001/aug/23crisis.htm
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| | APOLNET CONTRIBUTION OF THE LIQUOR CONTROL BOARD OF ONTARIO TO PUBLIC FINANCES, AND RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH PRIVATIZATION |
| | In order to appreciate the magnitude of the contribution to public finances, we should realize that in Quebec in 1994, the "Socit des alcools" made it possible to absorb 10% of the government deficit, and that in Alberta in 1992 the ALCB provided the equivalent of 20% of the education budget. | | | As a vehicle for collecting public funds, the LCBO brings in $1 billion per year, which guarantees a loan capacity of $15 billion (current value of an annuity of $1 billion received over 40 years at 6%). | | | Moreover, the LCBO is not an applicant for public grants, finances its own development and has a multiplier effect on the economy as employer and purchaser of goods and services. |
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http://www.apolnet.org/resources/rp_pri4.html
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| | The Hindu Business Line : Shake-up of pension market will make for better public finances |
| | Pension funds such as insurance funds could help improve the long-term sustainability of public finances and play an important role for the development of capital market, especially the long-term debt market. | | | The Government's announcement aims to contain the escalating expenditure on pension provisions for public sector employees and allow for greater freedom to employees in terms of switching from one scheme to another. | | | Pension reforms, aimed at reducing unfunded, social security-type benefits and encouraging accumulation of savings in privately funded schemes, are likely to facilitate fiscal consolidation by reducing public pension expenditure, on the one hand, and providing new sources of funds for capital market development, on the other. |
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http://www.blonnet.com/2003/11/26/stories/2003112600030900.htm
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| | Belgian Federal Public Service of Finance - Belgium's Stability Programme 2005-2008 - Comparison with the stability ... |
| | The movement in both revenues and public expenditure is determined by the level and composition of economic growth. | | | However, in view of the size of the public debt, public finances are still sensitive to changes in interest rates. | | | Although this sensitivity has been significantly reduced, in recent years entities such as the federal government (which holds roughly 90% of the total debt) have concentrated their debt management strategy on reducing the percentage of short-term debt. |
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http://www.treasury.fgov.be/interstaben/Stab4.htm
(875 words)
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| | The World Bank Annual Report 1998: Latin America & the Caribbean |
| | With central government budget finances largely under control, governments are paying more attention to state and local government budgets and to contingent public liabilities. | | | In Argentina, earlier Bank support to strengthen public finances in eight provinces was supplemented in fiscal 1998 by a second project for four provinces. | | | To tackle the risks governments assume in order to attract private investment in infrastructure, the Bank organized a conference and produced a study on how governments can reduce such risks; allocate remaining risks among taxpayers, consumers, and investors; and better measure and budget for the risks they assume. |
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http://www.worldbank.org/html/extpb/annrep98/public.htm
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| | Finances highlight public TV rivalry |
| | KBDI is the plucky upstart with the shoestring budget. | | | The shows also help public TV stations to reduce their costs by serving as a substitute for live on-air fund-raising. | | | At Maryland Public Television, officials know some viewers think WLIW's team of Cass and Savini are on the payroll. |
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http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/961630/posts
(5645 words)
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| | Hildebrant's finances public |
| | Frohlich said the two-page financial statement and letters from two accountants "are documents involving matters of legitimate public concern and which the public is entitled to scrutinize." | | | The city required the statements from Hildebrant because he signed a personal guarantee claiming he had enough assets to cover the cost of the stadium and to fulfill the lease. | | | Two letters from accountants, Robert E. Davis and A.S. Cohen, submitted to the city by Hildebrant are public, the judge said. |
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http://www.enquirer.com/editions/2004/09/11/loc_loc2flor.html
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| | Irish Times Article - IMF warns on Irish public finances, urges restraint |
| | The International Monetary Fund has issued a warning about the state of Ireland's public finances, cautioning against rapid increases in Government spending and urging prudence on pay increases due under the benchmarking process. | | | The Minister for Finance, Mr McCreevy, yesterday welcomed the IMF's assessment of the economy, saying it would provide "useful input to the development of appropriate policies to ensure the success of our economy in future years". | | | In its annual review of the Republic's economy, the IMF says the Government's finances have suffered a "sharp deterioration" and expresses concern about the budgetary outlook in coming years. |
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http://www.ireland.com/newspaper/front/2002/0808/1075354240HMIMF.html
(526 words)
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| | Kuwait's public finances strong Economic Review |
| | In its latest economic brief on public finance, National Bank of Kuwait reports that preliminary government budget figures for the first nine months of fiscal year 2003/04 (FY03/04) show a surplus of KD 2.01 billion before allocation for the Reserve Fund for Future Generations (RFFG), and KD 1.50 billion after RFFG. | | | Excluding spending on military procurement and transfers to public institutions, spending growth was a higher 11%. | | | The main contributors to the increment were KD 30 million in additional miscellaneous revenues, mostly from higher payments by the United Nations Compensation Committee for losses due to the Iraqi invasion, and a KD 42 million increase in transportation and communication service charges, which in turn reflect growth in telephone revenues. |
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http://www.ameinfo.com/news/Detailed/34813.html
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| | Public finances in Iraq Economic Review |
| | The budget 2004 deficit of ID886.3bn does not rely on increased borrowing or printing money, instead the deficit will be financed from the return of unspent OFFP funds and other assets confiscated from the previous regime. | | | Though the budget for 2004 includes only the bare minimum investment needed to kickstart the economy, the budgeted expenditure for 2005 and 2006 reflects substantial reconstruction and redevelopment needs. | | | The fiscal deficit of Iraq in 2003 is expected to increase sharply due to the sharp decline in oil production and exports, according to Global Investment House. |
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http://www.ameinfo.com/news/Detailed/33990.html
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| | AIMS : Issues : Public Finances |
| | On March 30th the New Brunswick finance minister delivered the provincial budget. | | | The paper concluded that in the 2004/05 fiscal year governments in the region didn’t do a very good job of balancing voter demands, while promoting an economic environment to attract skilled labour and business capital. | | | Browse this section for commentary and analysis focusing on provincial and federal taxation and spending policy. |
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http://www.aims.ca/publicfinances.asp?cmPageID=163
(1920 words)
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| | Buckingham Palace press releases > Royal financial reports 2003-04 |
| | Head of State Expenditure is met from public funds in exchange for the surrender by The Queen to the Government of the revenue from the Crown Estate and other hereditary revenues. | | | Buckingham Palace today published for the first time a single combined report of 'Royal Public Finances', concerning funding provided by the taxpayer to finance the Head of State. | | | The report states that Head of State expenditure for 2003/2004 at £36.8 million is 1.7% higher than in the previous year, which represents a decrease of 1% in real terms. |
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http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page3263.asp
(484 words)
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| | Finances |
| | finances The budget features total operating expenses of $265.6 million, $181.1 million of which is devoted to Division I distributions and championships. | | | The Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF) is a triennial survey of the balance sheet, pension, income, and other demographic characteristics of US families. | | | US Census Bureau data for State Government Finances contains info on revenues, expenditures, debt and assets of the 50 state governments. |
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http://www.askatip.com/finances.html
(814 words)
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| | Public Sector Finance Statistics |
| | The Public Finances Databank is a compilation of published data covering the main aspects of the Government Finances including receipts, expenditure, borrowing and debt. | | | Home > Economic data and tools > Public finance and spending statistics > Public Finances | | | PDF file of Latest Quarterly Public Sector Accounts Release (26/03/04) |
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http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/economic_data_and_tools/finance_spending_statistics/pubsec_finance/psf_statistics.cfm
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| | Irish Times Article - ESRI sees €900m deficit in public finances at year's end |
| | Urging the Government to rein in exaggerated expectations on wage and public finance fronts, ESRI senior research officer Mr Danny McCoy said that public expenditure growth was "clearly unsustainable". | | | A difference of more than €1 billion has emerged between the Government and the Economic and Social Research Institute in their assessments of the state of the public finances by the end of the year. | | | However, Mr Peter McLoone, the general secretary of another leading public service union, IMPACT, pointed out that benchmarking payments beginning in late 2003 would not appear in the Government's budget until 2004. |
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http://www.ireland.com/newspaper/front/2002/0726/2077550325HM1FINANCE.html
(722 words)
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| | SSRN-Quality of Public Finances and Growth by António Afonso, Werner Ebert, Ludger Schuknecht, Michael Thöne |
| | In this paper we review the linkages between the quality of public finances, that is, the level and composition of public expenditure and its financing via revenue and deficits, and economic growth. | | | The paper addresses the approaches used to assess the performance and efficiency of public spending, and surveys the empirical findings on the impact of fiscal variables on sustained economic growth. | | | We review the various channels through which public finances affect growth and its underlying determinants (institutional framework, employment, savings and investment, innovation). |
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http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=663965
(258 words)
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| | Sustainability of Public Finances |
| | A central tenet of the Maastricht Treaty is that a successful European Monetary Union requires sustainable public finances of its member states, yet there is no clear definition of sustainability. | | | After reviewing the theoretical and empirical arguments for a disaggregate and institutions-oriented approach to correcting non-sustainable deficits, the authors propose a practical procedure to assess the sustainability of a country's public finances. | | | This book develops a concept of sustainability focusing on the controllability of public finances. |
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http://www.brook.edu/press/books/clientpr/cepr/pubfin.htm
(166 words)
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| | German public finances improve in first quarter on higher tax revenues |
| | The German public deficit narrowed by 3.2 billion euros (3.9 billion dollars) to 56.3 billion euros in the period from January to March, Destatis said in a statement. | | | The state of Germany's straitened public finances improved slightly in the first three months of the current year as revenues grew faster than government spending, data published by the federal statistics office, Destatis, showed. | | | Germany, the eurozone's biggest economy, is having trouble reining in its public deficit, as weak economic growth and high unemployment tear ever bigger holes in the public purse. |
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http://www.turkishpress.com/news.asp?id=49986
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| | BBC NEWS Business Few signs of hope for UK finances |
| | According to the government's preferred measurement, net monthly public sector borrowing was down to £5.2bn in December, from £7.5bn a year earlier. | | | Gordon Brown's golden rule of balancing the public finances may still be broken after the latest borrowing figures proved contradictory, analysts say. | | | He has consistently said the golden rule will be met, but in December's pre-budget report he did predict a slight increase in public borrowing for this year and the next - widening to £34bn and £33bn from previous budget expectations of £33bn and £31bn. |
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http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/newsFeedXML/moreover/-/1/hi/business/4194797.stm
(353 words)
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| | Amazon.ca: Books: Managing Public Finances in a Small Developing Economy: The Case of Barbados |
| | The sound management of public finances is, in Williams' view, the most important factor in attaining the twin objectives of economic growth and improvement in the standard of living in small open developing economies. | | | While looking at the challenges of public finance management in small states, with a focus on Barbados, this book suggests strategies of fiscal and microeconomic management for small economies that will permit them to ensure macroeconomic stability while promoting economic growth and development. | | | Subjects > Nonfiction > Economics > Public Finance |
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http://www.amazon.ca/exec/obidos/ASIN/0275970310
(344 words)
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| | Irish Times Article - Public finances to dominate tonight's TV debate |
| | Discussions will continue today on the final agenda for the RTÉ debate, which is to cover health, crime and a number of economic issues including transport, pensions, as well as the public finances. | | | Labour's finance spokesman Mr Derek McDowell took a position between those of the two larger parties. | | | The party leaders will spend much of today preparing for their first face-to-face meeting of the campaign. |
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http://www.ireland.com/newspaper/front/2002/0514/271603789HM1MARKELECT.html
(682 words)
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| | 23 Nov 04 Public Private Partnerships / Public Finances / Finance / Departments / In the Dail / Home - Green Party / ... |
| | Gormley asked the Minister for Finance his views on the use of public private partnership finance initiatives; and if he will make a statement on the matter. | | | PPPs are acknowledged to be complex, involving, as they do, a long-term financial commitment for both the private and public sector partners for a period of anything up to 30 years. | | | The ongoing challenge for my Department is to have in place balanced and proportionate procedures for the appraisal, assessment and evaluation of proposals, which would facilitate the selection of PPP projects offering quality public services, value for money and timely delivery. |
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http://www.greenparty.ie/en/layout/set/print/content/view/full/830
(561 words)
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| | Economic Survey - Portugal 2004: Ageing-related pressures on public finances |
| | An ageing population is bound to make increasing demands on public finances to finance pensions and health care. | | | The required reform should go much further that the measures taken over the past few years for the private and the public employees pension schemes. | | | Raising the retirement age, modifying replacement rates and changing indexation of pension benefits are some of the options to consider. |
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http://www.oecd.org/LongAbstract/0,2546,en_2649_34113_33722299_1_1_1_1,00.html
(105 words)
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| | Independence for the presentation of UK public finances - Putting the - Accountancy Age |
| | So is the government's ability to change the definition of public spending at will. | | | For example, it is accepted practice for the government to decide whether or not it should recognise liabilities. | | | Chaired by Sir Bryan Carsberg, the SNAC's remit was to examine how a future government could introduce independent and transparent criteria for the presentation of the UK's public finances. |
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http://www.itweek.co.uk/news/bf/1114300
(749 words)
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| | Entrepreneur's Reference Guide: (Business Reference Services, Library of Congress) |
| | Sources of financing are arranged by industry, geographic area, and method of financing. | | | This dictionary is based on cross-disciplinary study of sources in international marketing, law, economics, banking and finance, physical distribution and logistics, and international relations/politics. | | | This handbook aims to help readers design, write, and use a business plan and a financing proposal tailored to their own specific business needs. |
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http://www.lcweb.loc.gov/rr/business/guide/guide2
(7070 words)
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| | Gender Advisory Project: Gender Budgets - Entry Points |
| | As part of advisory services the field of public finance, gender orientation and gender budgeting can be stimulated in various areas: | | | Inefficient tax authorities can contribute considerably to the unequal treatment of the public they serve. | | | If, for example, persons subject to taxation and particular segments of the population are irregularly registered, the taxes levied upon them will also be irregular. |
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http://www2.gtz.de/gender-budgets/english/entrypoints_finanzen.html
(464 words)
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