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| | Unemployment - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | The unemployment rate is the number of unemployed workers divided by the total civilian labor force, which includes both the unemployed and those with jobs (all those willing and able to work for pay). | | | Voluntary unemployment is blamed on the individual unemployed workers (and their decisions), whereas involuntary unemployment exists because of the socio-economic environment (including the market structure and the level of aggregate demand) in which individuals operate. | | | Another cost for the unemployed is that the combination of unemployment, lack of financial resources, and social responsibilities may push unemployed workers to take jobs that do not fit their skills or allow them to use their talents. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unemployment
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| | Natural rate of unemployment in US |
| | In the United States, unemployment rates have fallen sharply in the 1990s, but as an alternative symptom of stringent fiscal and monetary policies, real wages for U.S. workers also declined dramatically over the past generation. | | | A pro-worker economic policy will therefore also have to be concerned with increasing investments to improve the stock of machines that workers have at their disposal on the job. | | | But if inflation does not accelerate after wage increases are won, this would mean that businesses are not able to pass along their higher wage costs to their customers. |
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http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Economics/NaturalUnemployment.html
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| | Phillips Curve, by Kevin D. Hoover: The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics: Library of Economics and Liberty |
| | But if the government initially faced lower rates of unemployment, the costs would be considerably higher: a reduction of unemployment from 4.5 to 3.5 percent is associated with an increase in the inflation rate of about 2 percentage points. | | | The Phillips curve represents the relationship between the rate of inflation and the unemployment rate. | | | According to the regression line, NAIRU (i.e., the rate of unemployment for which the change in the rate of inflation is zero) is about 7 percent. |
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http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/PhillipsCurve.html
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| | Natural |
| | Natural rate of unemployment The natural rate of unemployment is a concept developed by Unemployment). | | | Natural Capitalism Natural capitalism is a set of trends and economic reforms to reward energy and material efficiency -... | | | Indiana Department of Natural Resources The Indiana Department of Natural Resources is the agency of the state of Indian... |
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http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/topics/natural.html
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| | The Effect of Changes in Labor Markets on the Natural Rate of Unemployment |
| | The natural rate of unemployment is associated with the NAIRU, or nonaccelerating inflation rate of unemployment. | | | To project the unemployment rate over a 10-year horizon, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) must abstract from the booms and busts of the business cycle and estimate the rate of unemployment that is likely to prevail, on average. | | | Their findings may be of limited usefulness in establishing a link between churning and a higher rate of unemployment, however, because the data do not include information on whether workers affected by churning actually experienced spells of unemployment and because the data may not be representative of the national economy. |
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http://www.cbo.gov/showdoc.cfm?index=3367&sequence=0
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| | FRBSF: Economic Letter - The Natural Rate, NAIRU, and Monetary Policy (9/18/98) |
| | Thus, the natural rate and the NAIRU are often viewed as two names for the same thing, providing an important benchmark for gauging the state of the business cycle, the outlook for future inflation, and the appropriate stance of monetary policy. | | | The estimate labeled Natural Rate 2 was constructed by Stuart Weiner (1993), who combined evidence on the relationship between unemployment and inflation with a disaggregated approach that accounts for shifts in the composition of the labor force between different age/gender groups. | | | The average long-run unemployment rate measured since 1961 is 6.09%, and during the 1980s and early 1990s, most economists placed the natural rate quite near that, in the 6-6.5% range. |
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http://www.frbsf.org/econrsrch/wklyltr/wklyltr98/el98-28.html
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| | The Inflation Acceleration Controversy |
| | The expenditure on public works, the rate of bounty paid to private enterprises, the rates of duties in the protective tariff, or whatever it may be, would have to be raised again and again. | | | governments could choose to lower unemployment by increasing aggregate demand growth, but the cost would be higher inflation; or they could choose to have low inflation by lowering aggregate demand, but then the cost would be higher unemployment. | | | At any rate, it would be futile in the end: if, at any point, the government relented in its acceleration, the unemployment rate would jump right back to U*, leaving in its wake only a very high inflation rate. |
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http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/essays/monetarism/acceleration.htm
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| | NAIRU -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article |
| | Their counter-analysis was that government macroeconomic policy (primarily monetary policy) was being driven by a low unemployment target and that this caused (Belief about (or mental picture of) the future) expectations of inflation to change, so that steadily accelerating inflation rather than reduced unemployment was the result. | | | The resulting prescription was that government economic policy (or at least monetary policy) should not be influenced by any level of unemployment below a critical level - the "natural rate" or NAIRU. | | | Monetary policy should aim instead at stabilizing the inflation rate, perhaps at zero. |
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http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/encyclopedia/n/na/nairu4.htm
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| | Will the Real Unemployment Rate Please Stand Up? |
| | Unemployment peaked in June 2003, and that peak is lower than the level of unemployment in the early 1990s for all measures of unemployment. | | | Instead of arguing that the unemployment rate could or should be lower, critics are questioning the integrity of the way the rate is calculated. | | | The anemic, sluggish labor market is their main piece of evidence when arguing for more benefits for the poor, more taxes on the rich, higher minimum wages, and protection from international trade with impoverished Third World countries. |
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http://www.heritage.org/Research/Labor/wm456.cfm
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| | the natural rate of unemployment: a view from Washington |
| | (non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment), or "the rate of | | | unemployment that roughly corresponds to balanced pressures for faster and | | | unemployment" has an extremely solid and terrifying reality: we scan each |
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http://www.eh.net/lists/archives/eh.macro/mar-1995/0005.php
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| | The Natural Rate of Unemployment |
| | Furthermore, when the unemployment rate is high, wages tend to fall, in accordance with the laws of supply and demand on the labor market. | | | The natural rate of unemployment does not mean that Keynesianism is still not a useful tool for smoothing out the business cycle. | | | As one might expect, the natural rate of unemployment is not without controversy. |
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http://www.huppi.com/kangaroo/L-chinairu.htm
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| | Expected Inflation and the Natural Rate of Unemployment |
| | The Phillips curve must pass through that point on the graph at which actual inflation is equal to expected inflation, and at which the actual rate of unemployment is equal to the natural rate of unemployment. | | | Any shift in the natural rate of unemployment (and the natural rate of unemployment can shift) will shift the Phillips curve to the left or the right. | | | Two things determine the location of the Phillips curve: the expected rate of inflation and the natural rate of unemployment. |
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http://econ161.berkeley.edu/multimedia/PCurve2.html
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| | * Natural rate of unemployment - (Business): Definition |
| | The natural rate of unemployment is the level of unemployment that still exists in the economy when the labour market is in equilibrium... | | | Hysteresis results because unemployed resources are permanently changed,... | | | * Natural rate of unemployment - (Business): Definition |
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http://www.mimihu.com/business/natural_rate_of_unemployment.html
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| | EconPapers: U. S. regional business cycles and the natural rate of unemployment |
| | Abstract: Estimates of the natural rate of unemployment are important in many macroeconomic models used by economists and policy advisors. | | | Accordingly, this means that the relationship between wage inflation and vacancies is convex: an increase in vacancies raises wage inflation at an increasing rate. | | | Our empirical results are consistent with this and indicate that if all else had remained constant, the reduction in the dispersion of regional unemployment rates between 1982 and 2000 would have meant a two-percentage point drop in the natural rate of aggregate unemployment. |
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http://netec.wustl.edu/WoPEc/data/Papers/fipfedlwp2003-030.html
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| | unemployment rate in sweden and other sweden related information |
| | 3 percentage points 29 of a 4.2 percentage point increase in the structural unemployment rate in Sweden, and -0.2 percentage points of a 2.2 percentage point rise in the structural unemployment... | | | Democrats have vowed to bring down unemployment before national elections in September 2006... | | | These changes lowered Sweden's 1987 unemployment rate by 0.4 percentage point, from 2.3 to 1.9 percent. |
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http://www.nethorde.com/sweden/unemployment-rate-in-sweden.html
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| | Natural Unemployment |
| | When the economy is said to be at full employment, it is at its natural rate of unemployment. | | | The lowest rate of unemployment that an economy can sustain over the long run. | | | Keynesians believe that a government can lower the rate of unemployment (i.e. |
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http://www.investopedia.com/terms/n/naturalunemployment.asp
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| | Natural Rate of Unemployment |
| | The normal rate (natural) of unemployment occurs when the same amount of people loose jobs as find jobs: |
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http://uwacadweb.uwyo.edu/hultberg/1010/1010_15/tsld009.htm
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| | The Globe and Mail: Exiting Fed chief called the best ever |
| | As growth accelerated and the unemployment rate hit 50-year lows, many economists urged the federal reserve to raise interest rates, certain that low unemployment and low inflation could not co-exist. | | | Greenspan often challenged central bank orthodoxy as he tackled stock market or currency crises, kept interest rates low as jobless rates fell, and became involved in partisan fiscal policy debates. | | | Greenspan let the boom continue, often against the objections of board members, who hold to the long-standing view that there was a natural rate of unemployment below which inflation would inevitably arise. |
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http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20051024.wgreenleg1024/BNStory/Business
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| | Natural Rate of Unemployment |
| | The natural rate of unemployment refers to the unemployment that occurs as a normal part of the functioning of the economy. | | | (The rate of unemployment that occurs at full employment). | | | Sometimes taken as the sum of frictional unemployment and structural unemployment. |
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http://au.frcc.cccoes.edu/~afarah/CFCH08/sld012.htm
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| | Robert Pollin, The “Natural Rate” of Unemployment |
| | [That is because they believe inflation is caused by purchasing power, and lower unemployment rates mean that more people have money to spend.] | | | “In our current low unemployment economy, should workers … succeed in winning higher wages and better benefits…” we should expect that “the business community will welcome a Federal Reserve policy that would slow the economy and raise the unemployment rate.” (68) | | | Although capitalists would get a smaller share of the total pie, the pie would be so much bigger that they would actually be richer because workers would be so much more productive than when a portion of the working class was idled by unemployment. |
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http://academic.regis.edu/jroth/Pollin%20on%20Unemployment%20%20Inflation.htm
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| | Ball and Mankiw on the "Natural Rate" of Unemployment: Archive Entry From Brad DeLong's Webjournal |
| | Once this short-run tradeoff is admitted, there must be some level of unemployment consistent with stable inflation. | | | And finally, it's a perfect Keynesian boost: it's money that goes into domestic infrastructure and to low- and middle-income level people who (have to) spend their money. | | | I thought: how about a historical drive to improve education achievement in the US? |
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http://www.j-bradford-delong.net/movable_type/archives/000828.html
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| | Labour conditions pressure rates - Breaking News - http://www.theage.com.au |
| | Mr Haslem said it was still uncertain whether Australia was now on the cusp of a significant step up in wages growth, after breaching the natural rate of unemployment, or whether the recent pick up in growth was a temporary response to the fall in the unemployment rate over the past year. | | | A UBS report said with all signs pointing to a long term rise in wages growth, the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) would be faced with the risk of lifting interest rates in a moderating housing sector, or watching rising wages growth damage current low inflation expectations. | | | HSBC senior economist Anthony Thompson said economists would be taking a close look at the June quarter Wage Cost Index (WCI) out on Wednesday to see if the tight labour market was contributing to the underlying wage growth. |
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http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/08/15/1092508243229.html
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| | Fiscal Policy and the Natural Rate of Unemployment |
| | If there is a natural rate of unemployment, fiscal policy that increases aggregate demand will appear to succeed in the short run because output and employment will both expend | | | Fiscal Policy and the Natural Rate of Unemployment | | | But stimulating aggregate demand will, in the long run, result only in a higher price level, while the level of output will fall back to the economy’s potential |
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http://www.econ.ohio-state.edu/Aly/classes/powerpoint/ch12/sld013.htm
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| | Estimating the Natural Rate of Unemployment and Testing the Natural Rate Hypothesis |
| | How should one measure the natural rate of unemployment? | | | "Wage Bargaining and Unemployment Persistence," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Ohio State University Press, vol. | | | "How Precise are Estimates of the Natural Rate of Unemployment? |
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http://www.ideas.uqam.ca/ideas/data/Articles/jaejapmetv:14:y:1999:i:1:p:1-25.html
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| | Monetary Policy and the Natural Rate of Unemployment |
| | RePEc and its associated services are free for contributors and users, and do not accept any advertising. | | | Monetary Policy and the Natural Rate of Unemployment | | | "Monetary Policy And The Natural Rate Of Unemployment," Royal Economic Society Annual Conference 2004 53, Royal Economic Society. |
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http://ideas.repec.org/p/mmf/mmfc04/70.html
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| | Revision Guru |
| | Some economists claim this is evidence that the natural rate of unemployment has fallen, allowing the economy to operate at a higher level of economic activity without experiencing an acceleration in inflation. | | | The natural rate of unemployment is the rate of unemployment where the labour market is in a position of equilibrium. | | | The natural rate of unemployment is not zero - at the equilibrium wage W |
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http://www.revisionguru.co.uk/economics/unemp7.htm
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| | Natural Rate Unemployment - Top Sites!! |
| | Find natural rate unemployment at one of the best sites the Internet has to offer! | | | View FREE full-text articles and FREE premium archive previews at HighBeam Research - Find, organize & share information from 1,000s of trusted business, trade, consumer & reference publications. | | | Find natural rate unemployment and more at Lycos Search. |
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http://www.mrrunner.com/WSearch.php?q=natural+rate+unemployment&Keyword=natu...
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| | SSRN-In Search of the Natural Rate of Unemployment by Thomas King, James Morley |
| | Meanwhile, the natural rate appears to be more volatile than previous estimates and, indeed, accounts for the bulk of the variation in the U.S. unemployment rate over the past 50 years. | | | Although nothing constrains it to do so, the natural rate measured by this approach implies a strong negative relationship between cyclical unemployment and inflation, adding to the empirical evidence for a short-run Phillips Curve. | | | We use a structural-VAR model to estimate the steady-state rate of unemployment, which we define as the natural rate. |
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http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=631244
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| | Estimation of the Nonaccelerating Inflation Rate of Unemployment (NAIRU) |
| | Estimation of the Nonaccelerating Inflation Rate of Unemployment (NAIRU) | | | The nonaccelerating inflation rate of unemployment (NAIRU) is an important economic and political concept. | | | It is significant not only because most macroeconomists use it when thinking about a variety of issues but also because it plays a pivotal role in guiding policy. |
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http://jsekhon.fas.harvard.edu/nairu
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| | MSN Encarta - Dictionary - natural rate of unemployment |
| | unemployment when inflation is constant: the level of unemployment that is associated with a constant rate of inflation | | | MSN Encarta - Dictionary - natural rate of unemployment | | | Click here to search all of MSN Encarta |
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http://ca.encarta.msn.com/dictionary_561547614_1861632547/nextpage.html
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| | What is the Natural Rate of Unemployment |
| | Improvements in labor market institutions may lower the natural rate, but it is not an appropriate target of macroeconomic stabilization policy. | | | At any point in time in a dynamic economy, some individuals will be between jobs. | | | This is a natural phenomenon and not, inherently, a bad one. |
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http://www.bsu.edu/classes/flowers/ppt509c10/tsld018.htm
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| | Regional Business Cycles And The Natural Rate Of Unemployment |
| | Regional Business Cycles And The Natural Rate Of Unemployment | | | Based on this observation, we use a model of the natural rate of unemployment to show that the greater is the dispersion of regional vacancy rates, the higher is the national inflation rate. | | | Our model is motivated by micro-econometric evidence that shows the response of wage inflation to vacancies to be non-linear: an increase in vacancies raises wage inflation at an increasing rate. |
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http://ideas.repec.org/p/ice/wpaper/wp19_zoega.html
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| | EconPapers: What We Know and Do Not Know about the Natural Rate of Unemployment |
| | Keywords: UNEMPLOYMENT (search for similar items in EconPapers) | | | This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title. | | | Abstract: Over the past three decades, a large amount of research has attempted to identify the determinants of the natural rate of unemployment. |
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http://econpapers.repec.org/paper/mitworpap/96-29.htm
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| | Natural rate of unemployment - definition of Natural rate of unemployment in Encyclopedia |
| | The natural rate of unemployment is a concept developed by economists Milton Friedman and Edmund Phelps. | | | Because there is nothing natural about unemployment, many modern economists call it the NAIRU (Non-Accelerating Inflation Rate of Unemployment). | | | Natural rate of unemployment - definition of Natural rate of unemployment in Encyclopedia |
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http://encyclopedia.laborlawtalk.com/Natural_rate_of_unemployment
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| | KoreaTimes : Natural Jobless Rate Jumps |
| | The natural rate of unemployment is the minimum level for joblessness without causing inflationary pressure. | | | In its latest report, the KDI said the recent high unemployment rate is mainly attributable to the combination of the economic downturn and structural problems of an increase in the natural rate of unemployment. | | | The natural rate of unemployment has soared to 3.2-3.7 percent this year from 2.5-2.9 percent in 1997, according to the Korea Development Institute (KDI). |
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http://times.hankooki.com/lpage/biz/200402/kt2004021218060811860.htm
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| | Links to sources on the natural rate of unemployment for ECO100_online |
| | Whether or not there is a "natural" rate of unemployment and if so what the numerical value of such a rate should be has generated much controversy. | | | The natural rate of unemployment and class conflict in the United States | | | The chain-reaction analysis and the natural rate in Europe |
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http://www.economics.utoronto.ca/eco100_online/rate.htm
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| | The Natural Rate of Unemployment |
| | Has the natural rate of unemployment remained at 6.5% for the 1990s? |
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http://socrates.uhwo.hawaii.edu/BusAd/Stiller/e300html/chap08/sld030.htm
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| | Hysteresis and the Natural rate of Unemployment- A Review Article |
| | The second approach holds that the natural rate itself is affected by the past history of unemployment implying non-uniqueness of the natural rate. | | | It then tries to demonstrate that movements towards this natural rate are slow and dependent on monetary policy. | | | The first implicitly assumes that the long run aggregate supply and aggregate demand schedules determines a unique natural rate of output. |
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http://www.unites.uqam.ca/ideas/data/Articles/dseindecrv:25:y:1990:i:2:p:241-258.html
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| | Economists' Take on Bernanke |
| | In other words, you could get the unemployment rate way below 6% without igniting inflation. | | | He understood that the so-called natural rate of unemployment was outmoded. | | | On Greenspan: "He's a genius in that he has talked very tough about inflation, and no one doubts his commitment to keeping inflation low -- yet he has been able to be flexible and pay attention to output and unemployment as well." |
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http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/oct2005/nf20051025_5407_db016.htm
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