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| Â Â |
| Â | Marx & Value |
 | | It is to some extent true that labourers are produced as commodities for profit (supply of their training, recreation, and so on may be influenced by commercial considerations), but not true enough to make the 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<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>theory<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>> of value realistic as an account of wages. |  | | <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>Labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>> could not be an invariant standard of value when some industries used lots of <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>> and little capital while others used lots of capital and little <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>, since a change in the distribution of income between wages and profits would alter costs in different industries by different amounts. |  | | If the value of one hour of <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>> is $1.00 (but the purchase price of one hour of 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is $0.60) the capitalists of industry 'A' each earn a profit of $8.00 by paying $12.00 for <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>> which adds $20.00 to the value of the product. |
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http://www3.sympatico.ca/saburns/pg0950.htm
(15547 words)
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| Â Â |
| Â | Soc. 250 - Marx's Value <<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>Theory<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>> |
 | | Ricardo's 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<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>theory<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>> of value began to be used by trade unionists and early socialists, the so-called "Ricardian socialists," such as Francis Bray and Thomas Hodgskin. |  | | For these writers, workers deserved all the product of their <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>> and in capitalism "the wages paid to the worker are always less than the value of the product which the worker has produced and the capitalist has appropriated" (Roll, p. |  | | The <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>> value that is embodied in the commodity is simple, average, human <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>, or unskilled <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>> of average intensity. |
|
http://leroy.cc.uregina.ca/~gingrich/318s2502.htm
(5191 words)
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| Â Â |
| Â | <<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>Theory<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>> of Value: A study of Pre-Classical, Classical and |
 | | He also added a <<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>theory<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>> of land rent, in which he claimed that rent is price determined (not price determining) and provided reasons why profits had varying effects on value (different capital intensive industries). |  | | The debate on the <<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>theory<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>> of value, which was initiated in Ancient Greece and which became dormant during the Middle Ages, later re-emerged at the close of the seventeenth century to dominate economic thought for the next 200 years. |  | | The value of diamonds was greater than the value of water because it was marginal utility and not total utility that determines consumer choice and hence value. |
|
http://www.tcd.ie/Economics/SER/archive/1996/MFOGARTY.HTM
(3009 words)
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| Â Â |
| Â | Marxian Economics |
 | | Note that the <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>Labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>> <<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>Theory<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>> of Value does not say that the value of a commodity is determined by the actual amount of <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>> contained in it. |  | | <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>Labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>> power not only transfers its own value and is instrumental in transferring that of the constant capital, but it also creates new value. |  | | Otherwise its value is fixed in the same way as that of other commodities: by the amount of socially necessary <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>> spent on creating it and recreating it. |
|
http://www.worldsocialism.org/wsm-pages/marxecon.html
(2693 words)
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| Â Â |
| Â | Glossary of Terms: La |
 | | The value of <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>-power is the value of the means of subsistence necessary for the maintenance of the labourer. |  | | The quantitative aspect of that act of measuring the <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>> of one against the <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>> of another is the determination of value. |  | | The value of one commodity is to the value of any other, as the <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>-time necessary for the production of the one is to that necessary for the production of the other. |
|
http://www.marxists.org/glossary/terms/l/a.htm
(5956 words)
|
|
| Â Â |
| Â | <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>Labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>-power and the Value-form |
 | | It is, in a sense, a prediction of the <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>-<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>theory<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>> of value that |  | | Following this, the naive <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>> <<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>theory<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>> of value is given a closer examination |  | | <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>> purchasable with the wages of a unit of <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>-power, is equal to the |
|
http://www.users.dircon.co.uk/~pscumnud/LPVF.html
(4700 words)
|
|
| Â Â |
| Â | Ceteris Paribus: Talking Shop |
 | | Basically this <<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>theory<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>> states that the value of a commodity is equal to the amount of <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>> put into it. |  | | In the modern economy, isn't it possible that a lot of welath is created by human capital (or enterprise, to distiguish it from <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>)? |  | | Basically Meyer says that if a group of labourers are offered as much money as they need, and an unlimited amount of crude raw materials such as silicon, steel, land, etc, they still can't build you a computer. |
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http://azatlan.blogspot.com/2005/03/talking-shop.html
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| Â | New <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>Labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>> <<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>Theory<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>> of Value |
 | | Before we turn to the <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>> <<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>theory<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>> of value, it is essential that we solve the most important problem that has, up to now, been passed over by all <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>-value theoreticians, viz. |  | | Theoretically, a success of the creative factor of <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>> thus continues forever in human society; unless, through an almost unimaginable catastrophe, the records, memories and other forms of access to the cognizance of this success are taken from humanity. |  | | If, for example, we observe several people sitting motionless, it is absolutely impossible to judge whether each one is thinking, or whether the thoughts of one are more or less directly or indirectly favourable to the production of value. |
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http://www.angelfire.com/ga/chaok/index4.html
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| Â | Unfree <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>> - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | According to the <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>> <<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>theory<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>> of value (as used by the classical economists), under capitalism, workers never keep all of the wealth they create, as some of it goes to the profit of capitalists. |  | | They usually fare far better than most other unfree labourers in that they have the exclusive use of some land and/or means of production, legal or strongly traditional human rights, economic security, and free time to a much greater extent than slaves, indenturees, and many wage labourers. |  | | By contrast, according to the subjective <<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>theory<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>> of value (as used by neoclassical economists), the wages offered necessarily represent the marginal wealth generated by the labor, and any profit (or loss) is due to other inputs provided, such as arbitrage, time value of money, or risk. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_labor
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| Â | PlanetPapers - Marxism and the Labor <<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>Theory<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>> of Value |
 | | The counterfactual in Roemer’s property relations approach is intended to generalize the Marxian <<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>theory<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>> of exploitation beyond the specifics of the capitalist <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>> process to account for all modes of production in which there is an unequal endowment of productive assets and a factor market. |  | | Exploitation took the form of workers producing goods embodying more of their <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>> than was embodied in the wage goods that they received in return, that surplus <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>> became monetized through the price system in a simple way because prices were assumed to be just proportional to the amounts of labor embodied in commodities. |  | | Whereas comparison of one <<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>theory<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>> in terms of another <<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>theory<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>> implies, at best, the falsification of one set of propositions with reference to another set of propositions, criticism of relevance and realism ‘requires substantial and continual reference to the underlying epistemological and ontological view being taken, however it is perceived’ (1983, p.10). |
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http://www.planetpapers.com/Assets/4694.php
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| Â | Contributions |
 | | This paper, his papers with Lio on moral hazard, insurance, and division of labor, and on endogenous transaction costs and the <<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>theory<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>> of the firm have successfully absorbed challenge raised by several referees that transaction costs and the network size of division of <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>> should be simultaneously endogenized. |  | | The second part provides a brief overview of models of specialization which derive from neoclassical trade <<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>theory<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>> or are part of what has come to be known as the 'new' trade or growth <<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>theory<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>. |  | | The distinguishing feature of this type of model is that changes in the division of <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>> are represented both in the number of goods in the economy and in individuals' level of specialization in production activities. |
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http://www-personal.buseco.monash.edu.au/~xkyang/contributions.htm
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| Â | Unfree <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>> - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | According to the <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>> <<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>theory<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>> of value, under capitalism, workers never keep all of the wealth they create, as some of it goes to the profit of capitalists. |  | | In practice, however, many nominally free labourers, in some historical periods and/or countries, face significant constraints on their ability to leave their jobs, and may not receive payment which is above the level of subsistence. |  | | Unfree <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>> is a generic or collective term for forms of work, especially in modern or early modern history, in which adults and/or children are employed against their will by the threat of destitution, detention, violence (including death), or other extreme hardship to themselves, or to members of their families. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_labour
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| Â | Rate of exploitation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | Thus, the quantity of surplus <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>> performed by workers in an enterprise might correspond to a value higher or lower than the surplus value actually realised as profit income upon sales of output. |  | | Marx equates wage costs with <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>> costs, but <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>> costs may involve much more than wages (taxes, social security levies, employer contributions to schemes benefiting employees, bribes and all sorts) (see also Compensation of employees). |  | | Technically speaking, in the finer points of his <<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>theory<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>, Marx did not regard the rate of surplus value and the rate of exploitation as necessarily identical, insofar as there was a divergence between surplus value realised and surplus value produced. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rate_of_exploitation
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| Â Â |
| Â | Glossary of Terms: La |
 | | The <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>> <<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>theory<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>> of value is the proposition that the value of a commodity is equal the quantity of socially necessary <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>-time required for its production. |  | | There can be no doubt that the <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>> <<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>theory<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>> of value tells us important things about the way people relate to one another in bourgeois society and the growth of these relations into entities which take on the appearance of objective laws of nature. |  | | The quantitative aspect of that act of measuring the <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>> of one against the <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>> of another is the determination of value. |
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http://www.marxists.org/glossary/terms/l/a.htm
(682 words)
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| Â Â |
| Â | Bohm-Bawerk, The Positive <<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>Theory<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>> of Capital, Front Matter: Library of Economics and Liberty |
 | | As in the <<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>theory<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>> of money it is well known that any quantity of currency, small or great, will effect the necessary exchanges, so here the available quantity of present goods offered for sale will buy up the whole of the available <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>. |  | | Lastly, the Socialist or Exploitation <<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>theory<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>, which makes interest simply a gain from exploited <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>, is shown to be a <<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>theory<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>> which could only arise on the negative basis of the unsatisfactory accounts hitherto given, and on the positive basis of a mistaken value <<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>theory<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>. |  | | But on our <<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>theory<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>> the later services of such a good must have a less value than the proximate services, and the total value of the good will be a sum of diminishing amounts. |
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http://www.econlib.org/library/BohmBawerk/bbPTC0.html
(682 words)
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| Â Â |
| Â | MARXISM AND REVISIONISM |
 | | The cost of production of simple <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>> power, therefore, amounts to the cost of the existence and reproduction of the worker. |  | | But the costs of production of <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>> consist of precisely the quantity of means of subsistence necesary to enable the worker to continue working and to prevent the working class from dying out. |  | | It held that the market price of <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>> would always tend toward the minimum required for subsistence. |
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http://www.oneparty.co.uk/html/impov.html
(682 words)
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| Â Â |
| Â | Marx & Value |
 | | And this of course is the plausibility of the <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>> <<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>theory<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>> of value: it treats <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>, the foregoing of leisure, as the cost of anything, in the last analysis. |  | | If the value of one hour of <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>> is $1.00 (but the purchase price of one hour of <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>> is $0.60) the capitalists of industry 'A' each earn a profit of $8.00 by paying $12.00 for <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>> which adds $20.00 to the value of the product. |  | | The main point about the marginalist theories is that they switched the focus of attention from the average or normal price, value or cost to the price, value or cost of the marginal item, that is the item just inside or just beyond the edge of what is actually produced or sold. |
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http://www3.sympatico.ca/saburns/pg0950.htm
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| Â Â |
| Â | marx's <<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>theory<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>> of surplus-value |
 | | That is also the reason why Marx attached so much importance to treating surplus-value as a general category, over and above profits (themselves subdivided into industrial profits, bank profits, commercial profits etc.), interest and rent, which are all part of the total surplus product produced by wage <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>. |  | | It is through this <<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>theory<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>> that the wide scope of his sociological and historical thought enables him simultaneously to place the capitalist mode of production in his historical context, and to find the root of its inner economic contradictions and its laws of motion in the specific relations of production on which it is based. |  | | So Marx's <<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>theory<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>> of wages is essentially an accumulation-of-capital <<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>theory<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>> of wages which sends us back to what Marx considered the first ‘law of motion’ of the capitalist mode of production: the compulsion for the capitalists to step up constantly the rate of capital accumulation. |
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http://www.geocities.com/youth4sa/economics2.html
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| Â | WIRED 4.06: The Economics of ideas |
 | | Until now, the contributions of the various factors responsible for shifts in the production function (using only <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>> and capital on the two axes of the production function) were continuously under debate. |  | | This growth is as a result of increasingly high technology service growth which requires skilled <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>, thus South Africa will need a far greater supply of skilled <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>> to harness the opportunities. |  | | Software is a nonrival good because it can be copied endlessly  at essentially no cost  and be used by many people at once. |
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http://www.hi.is/~joner/uh_romer.htm
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| Â | Marxian Exploitation <<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>Theory<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>> - Forums powered by Reason and Principle |
 | | Hence the buyer of 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necessarily receives the surplus value, since he pays the worker a wage equal to the cost of producing the <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>> power sold, and receives a price equal to the value of what that <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>> power produces. |  | | However, at this point the price of <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>> – the wage paid – is equal to the price that is received for its product. |  | | Now <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>> power is bought and sold, as any other commodity, at a price sufficient to cover its cost of production. |
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http://www.libertyforum.org/showflat.php?Cat=&Board=news_business&Number=1355021
(682 words)
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| Â Â |
| Â | The Avalon Project : <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>Labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>> Defended against the Claims of Capital |
 | | This large share he has endeavored to show is the cause of the poverty of the labourer; and he ventures to assert that the condition of the labourer can never be permanently improved till he can refute the <<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>theory<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>, and is determined to oppose the practice of giving nearly everything to capital. |  | | Although, therefore, the number of labourers must at all times depend on the quantity of circulating capital, or, as I should say, on the quantity of the products of co-existing <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>, which labourers are allowed to consume, the quality of commodities they produce will depend on the efficiency of their fixed capital. |  | | Fixed capital does not derive its utility from previous, but present <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>; and does not bring its owner a profit because it has been stored up, but because it is a means of obtaining a command over <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>. |
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http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/econ/labdef.htm
(18901 words)
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| Â Â |
| Â | The Filter^: Neoclassical endogenous growth <<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>theory<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>> |
 | | A simple production function would be Y= f (K, AL), or output is a function of the amount or capital, <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>, and it's effectiveness. |  | | The Solow Growth model used four variables: output (Y), capital (K), <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>> (L), and the effectiveness of <<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>>labour<<<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><<<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>><<<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>><b>bb><<b>bb>>b<b>bb>>>>>>> (A). |  | | Now, instead of a natural steady state of growth that it's impossible to deviate from in the long-run, under a certain set of assumptions it was possible for governments to invest in research and stimulate ever increasing growth. |
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http://thefilter.blogs.com/thefilter/2004/07/neoclassical_en.html
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