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| | Income - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | Income is increases in economic benefits during the accounting period in the form of inflows or enhancements of assets or decreases of liabilities that result in increases in equity, other than those relating to contributions from equity participants. | | | To calculate a company's income, it starts with its amount of revenue, deducts all costs, including such things as employees' salaries and depreciation, and the number that results is its income, which may be a negative number. | | | For example, for individuals income usually means the gross amount on their payslips before any tax and other deductions has been made by their employer. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income
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| | Income redistribution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Today, income redistribution occurs in some form in most liberal democracies, most commonly through progressive taxation (under which the amount of tax paid is directly related to one's income), some of which goes to fund welfare programs to assist the poor. | | | They also argue that it will result in a brain drain and lead to a state where the middle class have to support a large population of unemployed with an ever-increasing percentage of their income, because, it is argued, a slowdown in economic activity will result in higher taxes unless spending is curtailed. | | | The basic premise of the redistribution of wealth is that money should be more equally distributed so it benefits all members of society, and that the rich should be obliged to assist the poor. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_redistribution
(588 words)
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| | income tax - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about income tax |
| | In the case of companies in particular, income tax returns are prepared by an accountant, who will take advantage of the various exemptions, deductions, and allowances available. | | | The impact of self-assessment is largely limited to those who are self-employed, those with investment income liable to a higher income tax rate, and those receiving income from the exploitation of land. | | | Individuals are permitted to a certain amount tax free – this is known as their tax allowance; employees' tax is deducted under the PAYE system. |
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http://encyclopedia.farlex.com/income+tax
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| | Redistribution of income - a nightmare -DAWN - Business; 12 July, 2004 |
| | While presenting the budget, 2004-05 the finance minister in his budget speech has tacitly admitted that redistribution of income from growth in the economy was not in focus by stating that "so far the focus of reforms was to achieve macro- economic stability as we had inherited a declining and volatile economy. | | | The function of redistribution of income is assigned to central or federal governments, and not to provincial or local governments, for several reasons. | | | The first reason is that any attempt made by a provincial or a local government within their geographic jurisdiction aimed at redistribution of income may drive at the factors of production from there to another provincial or local government jurisdiction. |
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http://www.dawn.com/2004/07/12/ebr1.htm
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| | Redistribution |
| | Income tax, for instance, which is commonly thought to involve ‘redistribution as taking’, does not typically confiscate income that was initially in the possession of the taxpayer, since it is usually withheld from pay. | | | Redistributive tax-and-transfer occurs whenever people have paid taxes that are above and beyond what is required to cover the costs of the public benefits that they have received and the costs they have imposed on others. | | | Though people normally get a paycheck for their net income, and thus never have access to their gross income, they do, according to some, have a claim to their gross income, and thus the difference between gross and net income represents the transfer of holdings to which they were entitled. |
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http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/redistribution
(6123 words)
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| | Distribution of Income, by Frank Levy: The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics: Library of Economics and Liberty |
| | Table 2 shows the impact in 1989 of moving from the standard census income (pretax money only) to an adjusted census income that subtracts taxes paid from gross income and adds to income the cost of benefits provided by the government and the employers. | | | On one extreme are those who argue that all incomes should be the same, or as nearly so as possible, and that a principal function of government should be to redistribute income from the haves to the have-nots. | | | This means that census statistics—the standard source of income data—measure income before taxes and do not count nonmoney income like Medicare coverage and employer-paid health insurance. |
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http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/DistributionofIncome.html
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| | Redistribution of Income, by Dwight R. Lee: The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics: Library of Economics and Liberty |
| | Reynolds and Smolensky found that the households with incomes in the bottom 20 percent of the income distribution received 6.4 percent of the national net income in 1950 and 6.7 percent in 1970. | | | Most studies that have attempted to measure the benefit to the poor from government transfers compare the income of the recipients with what their incomes would be if all transfer income were eliminated. | | | Those households with incomes in the top 20 percent of the income distribution received 39.9 percent of the net national income in 1950 and 39.1 percent in 1970. |
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http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/RedistributionofIncome.html
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| | Payroll Taxes and the Redistribution of Income |
| | The second and third columns show the family's income and payroll tax liabilities with the payroll tax liability representing the combined employer/employee contribution. | | | Clearly, middle- and high-income families subsidize the payroll and income tax liabilities of low-income families. | | | The mean income family in the lowest quintile receives an EITC which more than offsets its payroll tax contribution, leaving the family with a negative tax liability. |
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http://www.house.gov/jec/fiscal/tx-grwth/payroll/payroll.htm
(2176 words)
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| | The Income Gap |
| | But income inequality raises basic ethical issues that should be the subject of public debate and inform government policy. | | | Income transfers to the poor, financed by a system of progressive taxation, have the virtue of targeting those in need without undue disruption of the economy. | | | Progressive economists, especially in Europe, have often favored a guaranteed basic income, or negative income tax, which would be paid regardless of employment status. |
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http://www.scu.edu/ethics/publications/iie/v9n3/income.html
(2562 words)
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| | Income Redistribution as supplied by EagleTraders.com |
| | The redistribution of income through expenditure and tax policy is based upon an equity argument that greater equality of wealth and income is beneficial to society. | | | Income is redistributed by the government either through in-kind transfers or by direct cash payments. | | | Other cash payment programs, such as aid to families with dependent children, supplemental security income, and earned income tax credits also use individuals' earned income as the payment criterion. |
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http://www.eagletraders.com/advice/securities/income_redistribution.htm
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| | ILO-Redistribution Matters: Growth for Poverty Reduction-H. Dagdeviren, R. van der Hoeven, J. Weeks |
| | Land redistribution that generates sustainable poverty reduction may require substantial current expenditure, which in the medium term could equal or exceed the cost of administering a progressive tax system and pro-poor distribution of expenditures. | | | This redistribution is simulated in Table 4, where it is assumed that one percentage point of total national income is shifted from the top quintile to the bottom quintile, and distributed equally among those households. | | | The table indicates that for the 'redistribution' countries, a redistribution of current income and assets is the most effective means of poverty reduction, and the methods to achieve this are feasible. |
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http://www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/strat/publ/ep01-10.htm
(11442 words)
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| | Nineteen Neglected Consequences of Income Redistribution: Newsroom: The Independent Institute |
| | Redistribution of income by government coercion is a form of theft. | | | Taxes for the purpose of income redistribution discourage the taxpayers from earning taxable income or raising the value of taxable property through investment. | | | When they expect to get future income without earning it, they invest less in education, training, job experience, personal health, migration, and other forms of human capital that enhance their potential to earn income in the future. |
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http://www.independent.org/newsroom/article.asp?id=1155
(3252 words)
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| | The Havens Center - University of Wisconsin Madison |
| | Redistribution is now broadly regarded as antithetical to economic efficiency and thus ultimately self-defeating; there is no vocal political coalition demanding new efforts at egalitarian redistribution; and talk of raising taxes and dramatically expanding the activities of the state is seen by most analysts as off the political agenda. | | | Others are pragmatic: so many people would withdraw their labor from the labor market if there was a decent basic income that the economy would collapse; the rates of taxation required for basic income will undermine incentives; redistributions of wealth to create stakes will eliminate incentives to build up assets. | | | Basic income envisions a system of redistribution that permanently guarantees everyone freedom from poverty and a certain kind of lifetime equality of minimal opportunity: the opportunity to withdraw from the labor force to engage in non-remunerated activity. |
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http://www.havenscenter.org/real_utopias/ruprr.htm
(1233 words)
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| | Book Review - The Ethics of Redistribution |
| | A decision is made concerning what is "an essential minimum" of income; then another decision is made concerning what is a "reasonable maximum" of income; and then the redistribution is put into effect. | | | Moreover, the proponents of income redistribution have always been too optimistic about the amount of "excessive wealth" available for such purposes. | | | They do not trust "the poor" to have the intelligence or wisdom to spend their income in "socially desirable ways." The poor prefer to spend their money on beer rather than Beethoven. |
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http://www.fff.org/freedom/1290d.asp
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| | Stumbling and Mumbling: Redistribution and the state |
| | Total income tax, at £124.6bn, accounts for only 25.6 per cent of this year’s public spending (big pdf warning). | | | This would finance a 23 per cent rise in income related benefits generally, or a 160 per cent increase in income support for the over-60s, or the abolition of income tax for anyone earning less than £10,000 a year. | | | It's perfectly possible to have significant redistribution with a tax system that is not actually progressive, as long as the rich pay higher amounts (as distinct from rates) in tax and receive less in benefits than the poor. |
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http://stumblingandmumbling.typepad.com/stumbling_and_mumbling/2005/02/redistribution_.html
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| | Dynamic Income Redistribution from Trade Liberalization |
| | See Rahman (1998) for a recent analysis of the income effects when factors are imperfectly mobile between sectors. | | | Thus, by piecing the results of these models together, we can evaluate how income redistribution is likely to change dynamically, over time in response to any shock to the system such as a movement towards trade liberalization or free trade. | | | The specific factor model concludes that owners of capital in the export sector will gain at the expense of capital owners in the import-competing sector and that the effects on workers in both industries is ambiguous. |
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http://www.internationalecon.com/v1.0/ch110/110c040.html
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| | Private Transfers and the Effectiveness of Public Income Redistribution in the Philippines |
| | While the connection between private and public transfers could prove critical to gauge the effectiveness of public income redistribution, assessing this connection is difficult in countries with well-developed public income transfer systems where private transfers may already have been crowded out. | | | However, simple analyses that do not account for private-transfer responses to public income redistribution could exaggerate the effectiveness of poverty-targeted public programs. | | | Expansion of public income redistribution in the Philippines could prompt sharp cutbacks in private safety nets. |
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http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/Network/PREM/PREMDocLib.nsf/58292AB451257BB9852566B4006EA0C8/49AC6D07D8087D36852567130004B341?OpenDocument
(325 words)
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| | SSRN-Competitive Market Efficiency and Income Distribution Non-Optimality: A Theorem on Income Redistribution by ... |
| | For a given amount of total income, redistributing more income to consumers who spend relatively more on more elastically supplied goods increases the aggregate expenditure on more elastically supplied goods, while reducing the aggregate expenditure on less elastically supplied goods at the same amount. | | | We give a testable condition for efficiency improving redistribution in the general case: if the consumer's sum of expenditure shares, weighted by inverse of 1 plus elasticities of supplies is less than the others' sum, redistributing more income to the consumer will make the potential Pareto improvement. | | | A perfectly competitive market is Pareto optimal for any income distribution at the individual level: all consumers maximize utilities for given income distribution and firms maximize profits. |
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http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=318699
(515 words)
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| | Problems with Supply-Side Egalitarianism |
| | For income may not reflect well-being, and a concern for the well-being of those on the bottom is not the sole motivation for egalitarianism. | | | Even if the distribution of income were unaffected, much higher incomes for the worst off might satisfy those concerned with the well-being of those on the bottom. | | | The distribution of income in contrast is of general moral importance to egalitarians because of its link to all the underlying values. |
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http://philosophy.wisc.edu/hausman/papers/bowles.htm
(4166 words)
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| | Income Redistribution Day 2005 |
| | The deadline for filing income taxes may be April 15th, but the average taxpayer will not earn enough cumulative gross income to pay for federal, state and local government spending and regulation until sometime in July. | | | I was under the impression that NESARA repeals all federal income tax and replaces it with a national sales tax instead. | | | Leaves them in place, and those are just as much an income tax as Subtitle A taxes are. |
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http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1384831/posts
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| | Redistribution across income levels in pay-as-you-go |
| | The public pension scheme in the Netherlands was found to have redistributed income primarily from unmarried to married individuals, regardless of income. | | | In OECD countries, where coverage is nearly universal, systems are financed through payroll taxes rather than general income taxes, and taxable earnings are usually capped. | | | Once certain income-specific characteristics of workers are taken into account, public schemes redistribute little lifetime income to the poor. |
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http://www.worldbank.org/html/dec/Publications/Briefs/DB44.html
(957 words)
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| | Oxford Scholarship Online: Income and Wealth |
| | He suggests, furthermore, that a full understanding of income and wealth in developed market economies may be beneficial in dealing with problems of income distribution in developing economies, while drawing attention to the need for an international redistribution of income and wealth. | | | Unusually, he not only analyses income distribution as the consequence of economic activities but also focuses on the process of obtaining income--especially on how the content of different jobs can influence employment and income distribution. | | | Ishikawa acknowledges this, but argues that a correct understanding of how the labour market produces differences in income and wealth is vital for informed study of the issue of income redistribution. |
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http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/content/economicsfinance/019828862X/toc.html
(377 words)
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| | Rethinking Redistribution ¦ Basic Income, Tax Credits, Negative Income Taxes, Asset Based Welfare, Baby Bonds... |
| | The Child Trust Fund (CTF) is a UK government proposal for a universal account, opened for all children at birth, with an endowment contributed by the Government at birth and at ages five, eleven and sixteen. | | | Leslie Lenkowsky, Politics, Economics, and Welfare Reform: The Failure of the Negative Income Tax in Britain and the United States, 1986. | | | Loek Groot, Basic Income on the Agenda 2000. |
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http://www.policylibrary.com/redistribution/ctf.htm
(959 words)
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| | The Chronicle: 1/16/2004: Lending a Lasting Hand |
| | "Basic income grants and the earned-income tax credit have a negative impact on human capital formation -- both theoretically and according to empirical evidence," says Robert A. Moffitt, a professor of economics at the Johns Hopkins University, who is generally skeptical of Mr. | | | One plan would guarantee all citizens a small basic income; another would revive the New Deal model of a government-created job for anyone who wants one; still another would provide huge public subsidies to private employers in order to raise the wages of low-skilled workers. | | | Therefore society should guarantee everyone a basic income, which would be financed through progressive taxation. |
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http://chronicle.com/free/v50/i19/19a01401.htm
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| | EconLog, Income Distribution Archives: Library of Economics and Liberty |
| | For example, a report on the income status of...... | | | Chris Dillow thinks that the Left has lost its moorings on the issue of income distribution. | | | Brad DeLong asks, What skills and assets do the top 1% of America's pretax income distribution have today that lead...... |
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http://econlog.econlib.org/archives/income_distribution
(545 words)
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| | NCPA - Daily Policy Digest - Income Redistribution Under Social Security |
| | Because much of this 13 percent redistribution is related to such things as longevity or disability rates, rather than income, the annual income-related transfers are only 5 to 9 percent of Social Security benefits paid. | | | Moreover, one in five individuals in the top 20 percent of the lifetime income distribution receives greater net transfers than the average for people in the bottom 20 percent. | | | Within this group, Social Security provides net transfers equal to just 13 percent of benefits paid (when taxes and benefits are discounted at the sample's 1.29 percent rate of return). |
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http://www.ncpa.org/iss/sos/2002/pd070302f.html
(400 words)
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| | Vouchers: Another Income Redistribution Scheme - Mises Institute |
| | But vouchers are not about educational freedom, they are an income transfer program from the "rich" to the poor. | | | Not only will people be forced to pay for the education of other people's children, voucher dollars will be an additional tax burden. | | | Bolick even admits that vouchers are "a form of income redistribution." |
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http://www.mises.org/fullstory.aspx?Id=1726
(1216 words)
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| | Income redistribution, GOP-style. By Timothy Noah |
| | What the AP is describing, then, appears to represent not only a spending shift from Democratic congressional districts to Republican ones, but also, and more significant, a spending shift from low-income people to middle- and upper-income people. | | | Quite simply, if the federal government wanted to flatten the nation's income distribution, it would do better to mail all its checks to random addresses. | | | … [In 1991,] U.S. households with incomes over $100,000 received, on average, $5,690 worth of federal cash and in-kind benefits, while the corresponding figure for U.S. households with incomes under $10,000 was $5,560. |
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http://www.slate.com/id/2069049
(813 words)
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| | AEI - Short Publications |
| | Currently, Social Security tax liability is based upon three considerations: whether an individual's job is covered by Social Security, the Social Security tax rate, and the amount of income subject to taxation. | | | Many have pointed to at least one aspect of the system as regressive--the average tax rate declines once a taxpayer's income rises above the cap on taxable income. | | | When lawmakers established Social Security in 1935, they intended the program to provide for elderly individuals without adequate sources of income, based upon a progressive benefits schedule for such individuals. |
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http://www.aei.org/publications/filter.foreign,pubID.21842/pub_detail.asp
(218 words)
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| | EconPapers: On the political economy of income redistribution and crime |
| | That schedule has two properties: (i) it specifies the tax rate to be an increasing function of aggregate employment, and (ii) earnings are subsidized when aggregate employment is at its efficient level. | | | We identify an income tax-subsidy schedule that supports the efficient allocation as the unique equilibrium outcome. | | | EconPapers: On the political economy of income redistribution and crime |
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http://econpapers.repec.org/paper/fipfedmsr/216.htm
(267 words)
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| | Tax Problem - canadian income tax history - canadian income tax history canada canadiancreditcenter |
| | canadian income tax free canadian income tax free ware canadian income tax guide canadian income tax history canadian income tax information canadian income tax law canadian income tax online | | | your tax slips such as T4s, T3s, and other proof of income Canada starts building with a Canadian secured credit card VISA In she has no individual credit history. | | | Contact canadian history income tax Bcanadian history income tax canadian history income tax Canadian Personal Income Taxes - Filing Forms Schedules for Income Tax |
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http://www.tax-problem.net/canadian_income_tax_history.htm
(677 words)
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| | EconPapers: Intra-Household Redistribution of Income and Calorie Consumption in South-Western Nigeria |
| | Abstract: This study investigates how per capita calorie intake in low income households of rural southwestern Nigeria responds to changes in total household income and women's share of household income. | | | First, is calorie-income elasticity large enough to justify the use of income increases as a food/nutrition policy strategy for increasing calorie intake among low income households? | | | Keywords: Nigeria; Intra-Household Redistribution of Income; Women's Income Share Elasticity; Income Elasticity; Calorie Consumption. |
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http://econpapers.repec.org/paper/egcwpaper/890.htm
(282 words)
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| | Tax Distortion, Counterveiling Subsidies and Income Redistribution (ResearchIndex) |
| | Second, there may also be long-run e#ects on income distribution, i.e., toward graduates who benefited from public higher education and away from non-graduates who contributed their taxes to finance these subsidies. | | | Tax Distortion, Counterveiling Subsidies and Income Redistribution (2004) | | | Tax Distortion, Counterveiling Subsidies and Income Redistribution (ResearchIndex) |
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http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/690764.html
(199 words)
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| | Income Redistribution and Risky Occupational Choices |
| | I derive sufficient conditions under which income redistribution encourages a greater part of the population to choose the riskier occupation associated with higher expected income. | | | Panu Poutvaara (2002) "Income Redistribution and Risky Occupational Choices", Topics in Economic Analysis & Policy: Vol. | | | In the basic model, two occupations differ in the magnitude of income risks, and citizens differ in their expected productivity in one of the occupations. |
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http://www.bepress.com/bejeap/topics/vol2/iss1/art8
(159 words)
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| | TaxProf Blog: Avraham, Fortus & Logue on Income Redistribution |
| | It is not affiliated with Auto Didactix LLC's TaxProf, a software-based tutorial for law students in the federal income tax course. | | | Freeland, Lathrope, Lind, and Stephens' Fundamentals of Federal Income Taxation, 13th | | | Under their income-independent legal regime, the argument goes, there is only the work-leisure distortion, whereas under the income-dependent legal regime, there is not only the same work-leisure distortion but also a regulated-activity distortion.... |
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http://taxprof.typepad.com/taxprof_blog/2004/07/avraham_fortus_.html
(555 words)
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| | 'Living Wage' is Socialistic Income Redistribution |
| | The 'living wage' concept is simply the discredited Marxian dogma that social justice requires equal distribution of wealth and income on the basis of labor hours worked, without regard to productivity or individual merit. | | | Voters see higher wages, but don't connect that to resulting higher prices and fewer jobs over ensuing years. | | | Entitlement to wages without regard to productivity, as we saw in the Soviet Union and still see in countries like Sweden, results in cumulative declines in national wealth and lower individual standards of living. |
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http://www.theconservativevoice.com/articles/article.html?id=11551
(856 words)
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| | [No title] |
| | Why is income inequality . . 2 Z bad? |
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http://www.albany.edu/~ea7279/ch7.ppt
(285 words)
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| | Market Power: Exchange is Income Redistribution? |
| | The odd thing about this is that Borjas is a UCLA-trained economist who has a full understanding of and appreciation for how markets work. | | | I agree with Arnold Kling: this is like saying that voluntary exchange is an income redistribution program. | | | Redistribution implies that trade is a zero-sum game. |
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http://marketpower.typepad.com/market_power/2006/04/exchange_is_inc.html
(284 words)
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