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| | Import substitution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | In addition, the focus of import substitution in promoting industrialization typically resulted in policies which benefited industrial workers at the expense of farmers which made up most of the population of the nations involved. | | | However, some economists have pointed out that the failure of import substitution should not necessarily be taken as an endorsement of globalization. | | | For example to reduce the cost of industrialization, the cost of food was often fixed at an artificially low level. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Import_substitution
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| | International Economics Glossary: I |
| | The requirement that imports be authorized by a special agency before entering a country, similar to import licensing. | | | A measure of the importance of imports in the domestic economy, either by sector or overall, usually defined as the value of imports divided by the value of apparent consumption. | | | The quantity or value of all that is imported into a country. |
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http://www-personal.umich.edu/~alandear/glossary/i.html
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| | RRojas Databank: The Róbinson Rojas Archive.-Notes on import-substitution strategies for development. By Róbinson ... |
| | Latin American societies found themselves able to finance decreasing amounts of imported manufactured goods from the industrial countries;...various measures were taken to conserve and ration decreased foreign exchange resources: 1.- tariffs were raised, 2.- import quotas were enforced, 3.- restrictions on the use of foreign exchange. | | | Now was about technological and financial domination by foreign capital of the manufacturing and financial sector, adding to the classical domination of the mining and agribusiness sectors. | | | EXTERNAL FACTORS The post-war period was characterised by: --asymmetrical expansion of the main industrial economies (mainly Japan, United States, and Germany-France-UK-Italy competing to dominate international trade maximizing profits in Asia, Africa and Latin America) --the upsurge in the internationalization of capital (industrial and financial capital) under the control of transnational corporations. |
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http://www.rrojasdatabank.org/impsub1.htm
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| | Brazil - The Economy - Import-Substitution Industrialization, 1945-64 |
| | The growth it promoted resulted in a substantial increase in imports, notably of inputs and machinery, and the foreign-exchange policies of the period meant inadequate export growth. | | | This, combined with persistent inflation and a repressed demand, meant sharp increases in imports and a sluggish performance of exports, which soon led again to a balance of payments crisis. | | | However, the move to fixed exchange rates together with import licensing drastically curtailed exports, and the balance of payments problem became acute. |
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http://countrystudies.us/brazil/62.htm
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| | Import substitution as sustainable economic development |
| | For all its benefits, import substition is not free of drawbacks. | | | It made sense financially since the cost of implementing the efficiency programs was 1% of the cost of the power plant that would been required without the measures (Kinsley 1997). | | | For example, a manufacturer who mass produces shoes with streamlined processes and exports them all over the world may be able to sell shoes at a lower price than a local shoemaker and as result the local shoemaker may not be able to compete. |
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http://www.umich.edu/~econdev/importsub
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| | Catching Up -- Section 2 |
| | Once import substitution in the consumer durables sector was chosen as the primary development policy it became difficult to reverse the trends toward greater income disparities. | | | The import substitution model, at least in its Latin American form, also led to extensive foreign ownership in all industrial sectors except those dominated by state enterprise. | | | We are now so accustomed to manufacturing shifting to low income countries to reduce labor costs that we forget how relatively recent this trend is. The major reason for a firm to locate in Brazil in the 1950s and 60s was to retain access to markets. |
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http://online.bcc.ctc.edu/econ100/ksttext/underdev/catchup2.htm
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| | Can More Liberal Subsidies Spur Growth and Reduce Inflation? |
| | If imports increase from $100 billion to $120 billion, thanks to $20 billion in foreign investment (say, foreigners purchased Russian municipal bonds, equities, or brought in equipment), still the same $150 billion is spent on domestic goods and services. | | | This source merely substituted, and only in small part, for the past major sources of monetary expansion and inflation: the government budget deficit and credit to enterprises for remitting tax revenues. | | | Import substitution helps only some industrial sectors at the expense of other sectors and consumers. |
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http://www.russianeconomy.org/comments/042501.html
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| | Korea - Anti-Dumping Duties on Imports of Polyacetal Resins (ADP/92 and Corr.1) /B |
| | In this case, the affirmative finding by the KTC had been made for a similar situation, and the term "import substitution" denoted the "expected" situation of a new domestic entrant having had acquired market share at the expense of imports. | | | The large dumping margins of the imports, the competition in the market being mainly in terms of price competition, and the intense price competition between dumped imports and domestic products which resulted in a substantial decline in prices, were seen as adequate basis for finding injury under the Agreement. | | | imported and domestic products competed mainly on a price basis), resolving the issue of who was the price leader was not particularly helpful in evaluating the issue of causation. |
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http://www.sice.oas.org/dispute/gatt/92RESIN2.asp
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| | Chapter 3 |
| | At the second level, they choose optimal combinations of imported and locally produced commodities, which are imperfect substitutes, so as to minimize their cost of purchasing predetermined amounts of market commodities. | | | The importance of the balance of trade account is not so much that the aggregate of exports exceeds the aggregate value of imports as that the sources of exports and imports are identified. | | | Export and import commodity prices are exogenous but the composite price is endogenous because it is a weighted average of the domestic regional and import prices. |
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http://www.rri.wvu.edu/WebBook/Schreiner/chapter3.htm
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| | Import displacement Anthony Gomes - JAMAICAOBSERVER.COM |
| | This means that imports would be displaced by locally created innovative goods and services under the dominant control of domestic entrepreneurs in the strategic capital producing sectors. | | | Trade policy to achieve import displacement is the same as the policy to promote the creation of new exports". | | | The reason for protection was to permit the establishment and development of infant enterprises using largely foreign technology and in some cases foreign resources. |
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http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/columns/html/20020202T220000-0500_20710_OBS_IMPORT_DISPLACEMENT.asp
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| | From Kevin Healy, Llamas, Weavings, and Organic Chocolate: Multicul |
| | The goal of import substitution was to enable Latin American countries to escape their traditional straightjacket of disadvantageous terms of trade as exporters of cheap primary goods and importers of expensive industrial products from the United States and other industrial nations. | | | Under import substitution policies, many South American governments embarked upon an industrialization strategy to replace foreign manufactured goods with national production. | | | Two other important tenets of the Bohan-inspired MNR plan of state capitalism were economic diversification and import substitution. |
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http://arts-sciences.cua.edu/pol/faculty/foley/Healy3.htm
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| | Treehugger: John Sewell on Import Substitution |
| | The merit of import replacement is that the market is already there: all that's needed is to make the product locally and supply it at a lower cost, which can often be done because of minimal transportation and handling costs. | | | They would identify imported products which they purchased, and I would attempt to find a local manufacturer which would supply the goods at a lower price. | | | The export craze may be a result of NAFTA and other trade arrangements, but its limited ability to create jobs is apparent by the extent of the public subsidies necessary to support it. |
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http://www.treehugger.com/files/2005/06/john_sewell_on_1.php
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| | Freight Forwarder - Import Substitution |
| | A global quota is a quota on the total imports of a product from all countries. | | | "General Imports" measure the total physical arrival of merchandise from foreign countries, whether such merchandise enters consumption channels immediately or is entered into bonded warehouses or Foreign Trade Zones under Customs custody. | | | The term refers to a non-tariff barrier to trade involving the discriminatory purchase by official government agencies of goods and services from domestic suppliers, despite their higher prices or inferior quality as compared with competitive goods that could be imported. |
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http://www.itintl.com/articles/Import_Export_Definitions_12.php
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| | Import substitution is a strategy that has enjoyed little explicit practice and limited academic study |
| | Thus the import substitution of produce keeps money circulating locally and yields economic benefits similar to a base industry. | | | In addition to the benefits Arcata can get from the revenue generated from Sun Valley, it was suggested that sustainable energy production be integrated into the system. | | | This export-based income then supports a web of supporting businesses such as grocery stores, health care, and restaurants. |
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http://www.humboldt.edu/~envecon/econ_580/sd_discussant_paper.htm
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| | MEASURES RELATING TO IMPORT SUBSTITUTION OF MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL PRODUCTS MANUFACTURED BY CHINESE-FOREIGN JOINT ... |
| | Enterprises shall enjoy reduction or exemption of import duties on materials and parts imported for the production of products which are sold to domestic endusers who happen to have been enjoying reduction or exemption of import duties for importing similar mechanical and electrical products from foreign suppliers directly. | | | [Article 3] The parties concerned in the enterprises which plan to apply for import substitution treatment shall give a full evaluation and assessment of the possibility of carrying out import substitution in their feasibility studies which are to be submitted for examination and approval before the joint venture or cooperative venture operations are established. | | | It should reduce the amount (foreign exchange) it charged each year as it increased the degree of localization of the components and parts of its products as required in the contract and feasibility study. |
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http://www.novexcn.com/impor_sub_mach_elec_jv.html
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| | SCM: Import substitution subsidies |
| | The prohibition on import substitution subsidies does not apply to least-developed country Members for a period of eight years (Article 27.3). | | | The prohibition on import substitution does not apply to developing country Members for a period of five years (Article 27.3). | | | While GATT Article III.8(b) clarifies that the provision of subsidies exclusively to domestic producers, as such, does not constitute a violation of the national treatment requirement of Article III, GATT panels have found that the provision of subsidies contingent on use of domestic over imported goods does violate that requirement. |
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http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/eol/e/wto04/wto4_30.htm
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| | Global cassava market study |
| | In 1985 Nigeria was the largest importer of wheat in Africa with imports totalling US$37 million that accounted for 2.2% of the nation's foreign exchange earnings (Djoussou and Bokanga 1997). | | | In the post-ban period Nigeria's economic difficulties, currency devaluation and falling per capita incomes have all helped to maintain interest in cassava flour as a means of continuing to produce competitively priced products. | | | The net return to processors from this saving would be in the region of US$12.7 million and cassava farmers could expect to receive a gross benefit of US$4.2 million. |
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http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5287e/y5287e06.htm
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| | International Market Research - Venezuelan Government's Plan for Import Substitution |
| | Venezuela’s Vice minister of industry, Victor Alvarez, has announced that the Government of Venezuela is working on a long-term import substitution plan involving more than 100 HS codes or some 6,000 products for an estimated total of USD 3,087 million. | | | The Vice minister also stated that the plan would begin with consumer goods, which he stated pay an average of 20 % while WTO allows these tariffs to be raised to a maximum of 40 %. | | | In 2000, imports totaled approximately 14.5 billion while in 2001 they reached 16.4 billion. |
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http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/internet/inimr-ri.nsf/en/gr108587e.html
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| | Upgrading Industrial Competitiveness Crucial to Increase Import-Export Substitution |
| | Therefore, according to him, Ethiopia currently needs to significantly develop in export sector, which means diversification of products offered for export, improving their quality, ensuring regularity of their supply, and staying competitive in the international market. | | | Presenting his paper titled 'The Challenges and Prospects of Export Development in Ethiopia,' Solomon Kebede, Trade Point Director, Ethiopian Export Promotion Agency, said as a result of the heavy reliance of the sector on a few primary commodities, Ethiopia’s export base continues to be narrow and fragile. | | | Scholars and private businesses have presented the study papers and shared their experiences with the participants. |
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http://www.addistribune.com/Archives/2002/04/26-04-02/Upgrading.htm
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| | Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series/ Haiti (Dominican Republic and ... |
| | These enterprises also enjoyed exemptions from Dominican taxes for up to twenty years, and they were allowed to pay workers less than the established minimum wage. | | | Also known as free trade zones, or free zones, these industrial parks played host to manufacturing firms that benefited from favorable business conditions extended by a given government in an effort to attract foreign investment and to create jobs. | | | Real GNP is the value of GNP when inflation has been taken into account. |
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http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/haiti/ht_glos.html
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| | MEASURES RELATING TO THE IMPORT SUBSTITUTION BY PRODUCTS MANUFACTURED BY CHINESE-FOREIGN EQUITY JOINT VENTURES AND ... |
| | [Article 8] Confirmation shall be made each year for products whose import substitution was approved in advance by the Central authorities or local planning commissions (or departments) under the provision of a medium or long-term import plan. | | | Such confirmation exercise shall take into account the actual import situations of that year. | | | Appendix: The following products are open to import substitution application in the current five-year plan period (1986-90) |
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http://www.novexcn.com/measn_relat_imp_sub_prod_m.html
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| | The Green Resource - Services |
| | You, the small, local business owner, provide us with a list of items, along with unit cost and quantity, that you purchase from out-of-state vendors in the course of a year. | | | Small, local business owners contract with The Green Resource to substitute products they normally purchase from out of state, with products they can purchase in state. | | | You choose which items you'd like to pursue for substitution (or not), then The Green Resource will broker the deal(s) between the supplier(s) and you. |
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http://www.thegreenresource.com/services.asp
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| | Import - Serra International, Inc. - Freight Forwarders since 1919 |
| | The Export and Import Controls Bureau (EPD) is responsible for administering the Export and Import Permits Act (EIPA). | | | Import Export Coach - start an import export business | | | On this page I import an XML document and then read out the data and put them in First I import the document emperors.xml, then I enter the XML document |
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http://freight.yoursuperengine.com/q/freight-import.htm
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| | TNI Asia Europe Relations |
| | Prior to this, the costs of importing capital goods was paid for by taxing the agricultural sector. | | | IS involved financing the importation of necessary capital goods in order to produce consumer goods for the domestic market. | | | Under IS, it was necessary to keep the cost of living low. |
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http://www.tni.org/asem-seoul/001charoen.htm
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| | The Green Resource - FAQs |
| | In this sense, import substitution creates "growth from within," as local businesses receive supply contracts and local residents earn wages and income. | | | * Existing businesses or entrepreneurs willing to engage in import substitution | | | * Buy Local Programs - encouraging firms and consumers to purchase local products rather than imports |
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http://www.thegreenresource.com/faqs.asp
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| | NVST.com Resources Import Substitution through Acquisition |
| | U.S. Aircraft Engines: Ex-Im Bank has made a preliminary commitment of $1 billion of financing to support exports by 340 companies in 30 states. | | | Description: Procurement and installation of equipment to improve the efficiency, reliability and environmental performance of Gazprom's export pipeline system. | | | Imports from the United States -- $13.3 million, largely industrial products, including US$400,000 of oilfield equipment (spare parts). |
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http://www.nvst.com/Resources/pnvIntlrussia05.asp
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| | OberonPlace.com Forums - Font Substitution Upon Import |
| | Suprisingly, this is not even the default behavior I have set in the options menu. | | | However, if I import via Activelayer.Import myFileName, I do not get a warning and the default font is substituted automatically. | | | It's critical that I be able to identify situations in which fonts are being substituted or are missing. |
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http://www.oberonplace.com/forums/printthread.php?t=76
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| | Import Substitution Policy in Japan's Economic Development |
| | Japan maneged to implement import substitution owing to fortuitous increases in foreign reserves, the liberal economic atmosphere of the early 20th century, the absence of labor protection policy, and the relatively weak political power of landlord. | | | It seems to have paid a considerable cost, however, in overall reduction of the macro utility level. | | | This was a consequence of the deepening of the dual structure of the economy during the fifty years of import substitution. |
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http://ideas.repec.org/p/hit/hituec/a256.html
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| | Community Economic Development, Part 2 |
| | Costs to community can be measured in several ways-quality of goods, higher prices, or the cost of time and distance. | | | Review Days One and Two and agenda for today. | | | Explain that import substitution, in its simplest form, is the replacement of one good or service or service provider for another. |
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http://p2001.health.org/CTW03/mod1tr.htm
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| | Geog 300: Spring 2002 Review Questions 8 |
| | High cost of protection for the industries, which dissipated the limited finances that were already available. | | | Most of the industries did not relate to local resources and this required constant supply of foreign exchange to import inputs. | | | Manufacturing activities in most African countries consist mainly of firms that process exports and produce substitutes for imports.___ |
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http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ofori/geog300/RevQuest8.html
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| | The Import Substitution Theory of Economic Development |
| | Import substitution can be just as effective a policy instrument in promoting jobs and creating additional income. | | | By stemming income leakages, import-substitution causes the existing levels of injections from exports to have a larger multiplier effect on the local economy. |
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http://www.humboldt.edu/~envecon/ppt/309/unit6/tsld027.htm
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| | Import Substitution Services |
| | Offering quality services in various industries such as import substitution, supplier rate negotiation, product development, supplier assessment, process standardization, investigation and failure analysis, third party evaluation and technical reports. | | | Providing product inspection and quality check services for metals, alloys, minerals, ores, refractories, cement, rubber material, polymer material, water, effluents, electrical material, textile products, petroleum products, coal fuel, energy products. |
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http://trade.indiamart.com/details.mp?offer=400932&group=55&cat=436
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| | Poverty data |
| | The idea was that poor countries needed to accumulate capital assets, especially factories and machines. | | | Furthermore, import substitution discourages specialization, thereby foregoing economies of scale in production. | | | Import substitution encouraged countries to fix their exchange rates. |
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http://www.uab.edu/philosophy/faculty/ross/PHL_291_trade_and_growth.htm
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| | WD97: How to Import Font Substitution Functions in Word |
| | If the substituted default is displayed as "Default," look at the bottom of the dialog box for a description of the actual Windows font to which "Default" refers. | | | If you select the Convert Permanently option, your change is written to the Msfntmap.ini file in your Windows folder, and the change remains in affect during all future document conversions. | | | You can change the current font substitution if that font doesn't meet your needs. |
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http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;EN-US;Q197007
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| | Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series/ Ecuador / Glossary |
| | As was the case in the early 1980s, the severely overvalued official currency (the free market rate climbed to S/550=US41 by July 1988) hindered export activity. | | | Responding to growing external indebtedness, capital flight, and rising inflation, the free market rate climbed to S/400=US$1 by March 1988. | | | Proponents favor the export of industrial goods over primary products. |
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http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ecuador/ec_glos.html
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| | SSRN-Import Substitution and Growth in Brazil, 1890s-1970s by Marcelo de Paiva Abreu, Afonso Bevilaqua, Demosthenes ... |
| | There is some discussion of the links between foreign exchange regimes and sectoral import substitution as well as the possibility of adoption of alternative policies, given the international context of the late 1940s and 1950s. | | | The shift in economic policies to closer links with the international economy following the military coup of 1964 is analyzed. | | | The possible role of sustained import substitution in explaining the declining growth performance from the late 1970s is also discussed. |
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http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=45564
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| | The idea behind this bid is import substitution. |
| | In a consultative meeting on industrial development opportunities in Namibia held at the Safari Court on June 30, Hidipo Hamutenya, the Minister of Trade and Industry, declared the government's willingness to cooperate with the private sector in a bid to increase industrialisation in the country. | | | The import of N$8 billion worth of even basic commodities, indicates a fairly good market for locally manufactured goods. |
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http://www.namibian.com.na/export/import.html
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| | Structural Change and Import Substitution in Chicago |
| | Over the next several decades the shift toward services will slow down. | | | Rising Import Shares in Most of Chicago: The Chicago economy has offset its growing import shares in most of its industries by increasing the share of activity in service and other industries with low propensities to import. | | | If the rise in import shares can't be reversed, the area will either have to export more to balance higher levels of imports or its production levels will shrink. |
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http://www.uic.edu/cuppa/uicued/Publications/economicdev/localpolicy/EXECSMRY/ex348.html
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| | Import substitution books, find the lowest prices |
| | Economic Consequences of the Policy Shift from Import Substitution to Liberalised Imports : The Case of Sri Lanka, 1960-1984 | | | Import Substitution and Exports Expansion in Brazil's Manufacturing Sector, 1970-1980 : An Input-Output Study | | | You may browse this category by title or by publication date. |
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http://www.allbookstores.com/Import_Substitution.html
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| | Spatafora, Nikola: Economic Development with Economies of Agglomeration: FDI versus Import Substitution |
| | If potential export markets are relatively large, if tariffs mainly affect intermediates, or if production relies heavily on intermediates, the cost effect dominates and LDC tariffs reinforce the incentive for industry to cluster in the North. | | | In contrast, LDC tariffs increase both the domestic demand facing local manufacturers, and the cost of imported intermediates used in local production for both domestic and foreign markets. | | | Spatafora, Nikola: Economic Development with Economies of Agglomeration: FDI versus Import Substitution |
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http://www.nuff.ox.ac.uk/users/doornik/eswc2000/a/1043.html
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| | 2276. Evaluating the Case for Export Subsidies |
| | Now that import-substitution policies have failed and been discredited, there has been a shift in favor of interventions on behalf of export interests. | | | With import-substitution policies discredited, many have argued for interventions on behalf of export interests. | | | • The argument that export subsidies may be useful for neutralizing import tariffs is spurious. |
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http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/Research/workpapers.nsf/12e6920265e1e0d3852567e50050df1f/d322a72fe343f48a85256872005b7c86?OpenDocument
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| | International Trade Reporter Top Story Archive |
| | The final step in the 2005 review process will take place at a December meeting of the WTO's ruling General Council, taking into account sector-specific reports submitted by its 16 subsidiary bodies. | | | Washington questioned Beijing on when these new import licensing procedures will be notified to the WTO committee; why qualifying criteria are imposed on enterprises seeking licences and what exactly these qualifications are; whether such qualifications are imposed for imports other than iron ore; and the duration for which new procedures will be maintained. | | | GENEVA--The United States has raised concerns about China's new import licensing procedures for iron ore, its steel industry policy, agricultural import policies, and import permit requirements, and urged Beijing to bring those measures in line with its World Trade Organization accession commitments. |
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http://www.bna.com/itr/arch311.htm
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| | Commanding Heights : Arnold "Al" Harberger on PBS |
| | What these guys were doing was, while they were paying only 10 pesos for a guy who makes a dollar, they were giving the guy who substitutes for a dollar 20, 25, 30 pesos, and that distortion is the real cost of excessive protection, which was the rule in Latin America during this period. | | | Now, the origins of that were probably the Depression, and even more so [World War II]. | | | AL HARBERGER: Well, it was very much an inward-looking policy, and that was a policy of so-called import substitution that became the flagship story of Latin America for the whole postwar period, heading into the '60s and '70s. |
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http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitext/int_alharberger.html
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| | EconPapers: Intraperiod and Intertemporal Substitution in Import Demand |
| | Keywords: permanent income; nonseparable preferences; cointegration; consumption (search for similar items in EconPapers) | | | The intratemporal elasticity of substitution between the two goods is estimated to be about 1.09 while the intertemporal elasticity of substitution of the composite good is estimated to be statistically larger than the intraperiod measure and lie between 1.36 to 1.39. | | | Abstract: In this paper, we study intraperiod and intertemporal substitution in U.S. import demand using a two-good version of the permanent-income model that allows for nonseparability between domestic and imported goods consumption. |
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http://econpapers.repec.org/paper/crecrefwp/84.htm
(340 words)
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| | Import Substitution |
| | From then on import substitution has practically lost its relevance as a source of growth for the industrial production. | | | Its dynamistic effect, however, might occur in the presence of an intensification of the IS (reduction of the import coefficient) as well as a reduction of the IS (increase of the import coefficient) or even a neutral IS process (constant import coefficient); and | | | The industrialisation by import substitution (IS) is empirically verifiable when the growth of industrial production occurs with expansion of internal demand simultaneously with a reduction of industrial import coefficient (relative participation of imports in the industrial product). |
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http://www.mre.gov.br/CDBRASIL/ITAMARATY/WEB/ingles/economia/industri/substimp/apresent.htm
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| | Milk production and import substitution |
| | Not only the import of powdered milk and milk foods presently constitute a drain on the foreign currency reserve, the same is also hazardous considerably for public health. | | | In this backdrop, it is heartening to note that the present BNP government has one again planned to step up milk production locally. | | | While the move to step up milk production is going to be a useful one, similar programmes need to be started also to reduce the country's import dependence on them and get the benefits of import substitution. |
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http://nation.ittefaq.com/artman/exec/view.cgi/18/10940
(486 words)
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| | Tim Worstall: Import Substitution. |
| | Jan 17, 2005 1:10:00 AM In india, the prob was dat export promotion was not given importance vis-a-vis import sustitution.the industries who got involved in mid-60s in import substitution were given prime importance and industries in core sectors like jute,which had competetive advantage were ignored. | | | The fact is that poor countries which went cut import tariffs, along with other free-market and legal reforms, grew faster. | | | Poor countries should stop importing steel, cars and other industrial products... |
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http://timworstall.typepad.com/timworstall/2005/01/import_substitu.html
(871 words)
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| | JPM Parry & Associates - Issue 1 |
| | However, plenty of opportunities for import substitution are available in organising local manufacture of roofing tiles and sheets, floors and external paved areas, pipes of variable sizes, and in the use of cement-conserving methods of constructing walls. | | | Guidance is needed in the specification and design of new methods of construction to incorporate local resources in place of these imports. | | | Parry equipment is widely used in import substitution industries. |
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http://www.parryassociates.com/Issue1.htm
(341 words)
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| | Activity 8-3: Import Substitution |
| | Additional Activity As an addition to this activity and after brainstorming areas in which a community could become self reliant economically, have students create a story of a self reliant community in their journals. | | | To understand the trade-offs of globalization and increased trade | | | import substitution necessities substitutes intrastate trade interstate trade international trade local economy |
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http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/edumat/sustecon/activities/8-3.htm
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| | Substitution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Substitution is the replacement of one thing with another. | | | Substitution method, in the testing of optical fiber | | | Substitution mutation is synonymous with point mutation in genetics |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitution
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