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| | Economic and Monetary Union - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | In economics, a monetary union is a situation where several countries have agreed to share a single currency among them. | | | On 1 June 1998, the European Central Bank (ECB) is created, and in 31 December 1998, the conversion rates between the 11 participating national currencies and the euro are established. | | | The Treaty of Maastricht in 1992 establishes the completion of the EMU as a formal objective and sets a number of economic convergence criteria, concerning the inflation rate, public finances, interest rates and exchange rate stability. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Monetary_Union
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| | European Monetary Union: Operating Monetary Policy - Finance & Development - September 1996 |
| | Stage 3 is defined as the ultimate stage of economic and monetary union wherein the currencies of the participating EU countries are irrevocably locked and replaced by a single currency, the euro. | | | If much weight is placed on their monetary control function, the reserve requirement ratio (the ratio of banks' required reserves held at the NCB to banks' deposit liabilities) should be non-negligible, and the reserves should not be fully remunerated. | | | The Maastricht Treaty on European Union states that members of the European Union (EU) should decide before the end of 1996 whether the majority of member countries meet the specified convergence criteria to start Stage 3 of the Economic and Monetary Union and whether it is appropriate to enter Stage 3. |
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http://www.worldbank.org/fandd/english/0996/articles/070996.htm
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| | European Union - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch |
| | A key activity of the EU is the establishment and administration of a common single market, consisting of a customs union, a single currency (adopted by 12 of the 25 member states), a Common Agricultural Policy and a Common Fisheries Policy. | | | On account of this unique structure, the European Union is perhaps best seen as neither an international organisation nor a confederation or even federation, but rather a sui generis entity. | | | In addition, most of the EFTA-members (the European Free Trade Association) are parties to the EEA-treaty (the European Economic Area), which means that these countries are participants in the single market. |
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http://encyclopedia.worldsearch.com/european_union.htm
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| | South-Western: European Monetary Union |
| | Supporters of the European Monetary Union argue that the introduction of a common currency will reduce transaction costs and increase the volume of trade among the participating countries. | | | Monetary policy for the EU will be under the control of the European Central Bank. | | | One of the major concerns about the success of the monetary union is whether this central bank will be able to maintain an independent policy of maintaining a low inflation target. |
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http://www.swlearning.com/economics/policy_debates/monetary_union.html
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| | A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union --E-- |
| | With the launch of the single currency in 1999, the influential Monetary Committee (consisting of two high officials from each member state and two from the Commission) was augmented by the addition of two members from the European Central Bank and was renamed the Economic and Financial Committee. | | | Little caring for national political independence, the multinational corporations saw in EMU the prospect of regional currency stability, enabling them to plan capital expenditure and to budget costs and revenue with more assurance. | | | The Treaty stipulates that the bank must be free of political influence and that it is responsible for the monetary policy, foreign exchange operations and management of the reserves of the countries participating in the single currency. |
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http://www.euro-know.org/dictionary/e.html
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| | AllRefer.com - Germany - Germany and the European Monetary Union German Information Resource |
| | Gleske also observed that one of the objectives of a European currency would be to assume the leading international role that even the deutsche mark could not assume and that such a European currency could gradually replace the dollar as a transactions and reserve currency. | | | A full EMU will come about when the Bundesbank is satisfied that all European governments are fully committed to stability and when they have shown this commitment by adhering to the convergence criteria and by passing whatever other tests the bank may yet pose. | | | The institute was given a mandate to coordinate EU members' monetary policy, to oversee preparations for the transfer to a European currency, and to create the right condit ions for the final stage of monetary reform--a European System of Central Banks (ESCB), a single European Central Bank (ECB), and a common currency. |
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http://reference.allrefer.com/country-guide-study/germany/germany117.html
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| | Economics 415 Syllabus |
| | Calcagnini, Giorgio, Fabio Farabullini, and Donald Hester, "Financial Convergence in the European Monetary Union? | | | Jahjah, Samir, "Inflation, Debt, and Default in a Monetary Union," IMF Working Paper, WP/00/179, International Monetary Fund, November 2000. | | | Mongelli, Francesco, "Effects of the European Monetary Union on Taxation and Interest Spending of National Governments," IMF Working Paper, WP/97/93, International Monetary Fund, July 1997. |
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http://www.oberlin.edu/~dcleeton/syll_415.htm
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| | EUobserver.com |
| | The European Commission is to revive its original proposal on the next EU budget on Thursday with regional commissioner Danuta Hubner arguing that it is too late for revolutionary ideas on the budget. | | | The European Commission is concerned that its ambitious "Plan D" will not be implemented on time, as MEPs are set to initially block the money necessary for the scheme. | | | The eurozone's annual inflation has risen to its highest rate since 2001, with the European Central Bank (ECB) watching the figures closely with a view to possibly increasing the bloc's interest rates to tackle the inflationary pressures. |
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http://www.euobserver.com
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| | European Union information - Lawlinks |
| | European Scrutiny Committee of the House of Commons | | | European Monetary Union - government policy from the UK Treasury | | | The European Union Select Committee of the House of Lords, and access to its sub-committees |
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http://library.kent.ac.uk/library/lawlinks/european.htm
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| | BBC NEWS Business Euro sinks after Dutch 'No' vote |
| | But commentators have said that while the "No" votes from France and the Netherlands have not helped, the main reason for the currency's current lows was the recent string of interest rate rises in the US. | | | Meanwhile, Dutch central bank chief Nout Wellink dismissed claims that European Monetary Union could break apart as a result of the vote. | | | But despite such concerns, the European Central Bank (ECB) voted to leave rates unchanged - meaning they have now been stationary at 2% for two full years. |
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http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/newsFeedXML/moreover/-/1/hi/business/4602229.stm
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| | Information Sources: Western Europe & The European Union |
| | The Centre for European Reform is a think-tank devoted to improving the quality of the debate on the future of the European Union. | | | European Governments On-line: the main governmental sites for each country, which usually include the sites for the Head of State, the Government, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and sometimes a portal site for the national civil service; from Europa | | | Information available at the site includes European Union (EU) law, business and news developments in Europe, finance and EU programs. |
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http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/lehman/guides/westoid.html
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| | European Monetary Union and the Euro |
| | JP Morgan's EMU calculator makes a league table of the financial markets' expectations that any given country will participate in monetary union. | | | The UK arm of the KMPG firm of management consultants has surveyed companies across Europe on the key strategic business issues presented by European Monetary Union. | | | The IEM 1998 EMU Membership Market is a real-money futures market where contract payoffs will be determined by the Initial |
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http://www.stern.nyu.edu/~nroubini/Emu/Emu.htm
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| | Euro Conversion FAQ for I.T. systems, euro currency, euro archive |
| | Luc Berjen is an international, high fashion retail company and has been very organized in preparing for receiving and spending in the EMU. | | | Managers of companies based in the Eurozone who have not prepared their company to operate in the euro by the 31 December 2001 expose the company and themselves to the trading and audit risks detailed in Euro-paper no. 39: http://europa.eu.int/comm/economy_finance/publications/euro_papers/europapers39_en.htm | | | No alternative method of calculation may be used, unless it produces the same result. |
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http://www.sysmod.com/eurofaq.htm
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| | Regional: Europe: European Union - Open Site |
| | In addition thirteen specialised agencies have been set up to handle certain essentially technical, scientific, or management tasks. | | | - European Investment Bank (helps achieve EU objectives by financing investment projects). | | | - European Central Bank (responsible for monetary policy and managing the euro); |
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http://open-site.org/Regional/Europe/European_Union
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| | European Monetary Union |
| | In this class, students will evaluate this process from the perspective of the European Monetary Union, which will replace many European currencies with a single monetary unit, the Euro. | | | Designed with the hopes of streamlining trade within the European region, the Euro process has had considerable difficulty in bridging the political and economic differences among the various countries. | | | Monetary Policy in the U.K. Bank of England |
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http://www.samford.edu/schools/business/LondonWebSite/emu.html
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| | European Monetary Union |
| | European economic integration has created the largest trading block in the World. | | | The costs of UK Policy "Prepare and Decide" | | | The most recent phase of this integration is European Monetary Union whereby twelve EU member states have united to form a single currency area. |
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http://homepage.ntlworld.com/peter.micklem/euro/euroindex.htm
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| | Euro Information |
| | Information on UK Government policy on Economic and Monetary Union is available on the main Treasury web site. | | | Business factsheets "the euro: it's your business" have been updated. | | | The euro is the currency of twelve Member States of the European Union. |
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http://www.euro.gov.uk
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| | European Monetary Union |
| | "The UK Decision re EMU: Implications of Currency Blocs for Trade and Business Cycle Correlations," in Submissions on EMU from Leading Academics (H.M. Treasury: London), 2003, p.99-109. | | | "Real Convergence and Euro Adoption in Central and Eastern Europe: Trade and Business Cycle Correlations as Endogenous Criteria for Joining EMU," Conference on Euro Adoption in the Accession Countries — Opportunities and Challenges, Czech National Bank, Prague, Feb. 2-3, 2004. | | | "On the Euro: Impacts on Members and Non-Members," and "Keynote Address," The European Conference Centre, Luxembourg, 3-4 December 1998. |
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http://ksghome.harvard.edu/~jfrankel/EMU.htm
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| | Enlarging European Monetary Union |
| | Exchange Rate Regimes and Sustainable Parities for CEECs in the Run-Up to EMU Membership, Working Paper n° 02-15, December 2002 | | | For the Central and East European Countries (CEECs), this means that the central parities of their currencies against the euro have to be defined carefully when they enter the erm Mark II. | | | Estimating the real equilibrium exchange rate provides a tool for characterising the situation of the five future members of the Union. |
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http://www.cepii.fr/anglaisgraph/publications/lettre/summary/2002/let217ang.htm
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| | Dossiers / Euro |
| | Emu and the Euro - Dossier Financial Times | | | EMI - European Monetary Institute - Institut Monétaire Européen | | | AND euro, EMU, E.M.U., emu, ewu, monnaie, money, unité monétaire européenne, european monetary unit, union monétaire, monetary union, union monétaire européenne, european monetary union, UEM, union économique et monétaire, economic and monetary union, franc, europe, europa, l'euro, fin-euro, fin euro, fineuro, espace européen, espace euro, eurospace,... |
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http://www.strategic-road.com/dossiers/eurofr.htm
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| | European Union - Delegation of the European Commission to the USA |
| | The EU is the biggest aid donor in the world, accounting for 55% of development assistance--20% of which is managed by the European Commission. | | | European Union - Delegation of the European Commission to the United States | | | European Union - Delegation of the European Commission to the USA |
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http://www.eurunion.org/infores/euroweb.htm
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| | ECB: European Central Bank home page |
| | 16/10/2005 - Working paper no. 533: Discretionary policy, multiple equilibria, and monetary instruments, 799 kb, en |
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http://www.ecb.int
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