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| Â | MSN Encarta - Money |
 | | The Federal Reserve System has no way of measuring exactly how much currency is going to foreign currency. | | | Historically, the nation has gone from a wholly metallic system, when coins were the primary money in circulation, to a managed system, in which, aside from the currency in people’s pockets, most of the money consists of entries in the books of banks. | | | According to some estimates over half of U.S. currency has quietly found its way to foreign currencies. |
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http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761556418_2/Money.html
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| Â | Currency Devaluation and Revaluation - Fedpoints - Federal Reserve Bank of New York |
| | Devaluation, the deliberate downward adjustment in the official exchange rate, reduces the currency's value; in contrast, a revaluation is an upward change in the currency's value. | | | Under a fixed exchange rate system, devaluation and revaluation are official changes in the value of a country's currency relative to other currencies. | | | When a government devalues its currency, it is often because the interaction of market forces and policy decisions has made the currency's fixed exchange rate untenable. |
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http://www.fednewyork.org/aboutthefed/fedpoint/fed38.html
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| Â | International Monetary Fund - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Currency devaluation is recommended by the IMF to the governments of poor nations with struggling economies. | | | Before IMF got involved in the country, Kenya central bank oversaw all currency movement in and out of the country. | | | The IMF frequently advocates currency devaluation, criticized by proponents of supply-side economics as inflationary). |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund
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| Â | The Implications of Currency Devaluation |
| | For a currency to be devalued means that the issuing government has mandated that the price of the currency (in foreign dollars) is lower than it was before. | | | Thus, for the Russian government to devalue the ruble is tantamount to its defaulting on a portion of its debt. | | | The average prices of products in a country is (roughly speaking) the ratio of the quantity of currency in the country to the quantity of products produced in the country. |
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http://www.angelfire.com/biz/clinedavies/essay1.html
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| Â | Dictionary.com/devaluation |
| | Devaluation is generally undertaken by a government in order to make its country's products more competitive in world markets. | | | Devaluation can significantly reduce the value of investments held by foreign investors in the devaluing country. | | | For example, when Mexico devalued the peso, more pesos were required to obtain a given amount of a foreign currency. |
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http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=devaluation
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| Â | Avoid currency devaluation |
| | Currency devaluation raises the prices of petroleum products that has a cascading effect on prices of most commodities, raising overall prices of goods and services in the market. | | | Therefore, devaluation of the rupee must be eschewed at all costs. | | | In the days of run-away budget deficits, it is extremely difficult for the government to raise taxes and pay for the additional burden of repayments on dollar debt. |
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http://www.blonnet.com/businessline/2001/09/29/stories/042920ju.htm
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| Â | Currency Devaluation and Economic Growth - Mises Institute |
| | The entire issue of the alleged benefits of currency depreciation is only of relevance in a hampered market where paper money is enforced by the government through its central bank. | | | With the expansion in the production of goods and services and falling prices and thus production costs, local producers can improve their competitiveness and profitability in overseas markets while the currency is actually appreciating. | | | However, the so-called improved competitiveness on account of currency depreciation means that the citizens of a country are now getting less real imports for a given amount of real exports. |
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http://www.mises.org/fullstory.asp?control=1345
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| Â | CIA - The World Factbook -- Field Listing - Economy - overview |
| | Public debt is about 100% of GDP, and the government has succeeded in balancing its budget. | | | Following the African franc currency devaluation in January 1994 the government updated its development program in conjunction with international agencies, and exports and economic growth have increased. | | | Continued economic instability drove a 70% depreciation of the currency throughout 1999, which forced a desperate government to "dollarize" the currency regime in 2000. |
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http://www.phatnav.com/factbook/fields/2116.html
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| Â | Important Note |
| | After repeated warnings from currency analysts and market advisors (including yours truly) that the U.S. currency system is on the verge of becoming a blocked, two-tier system we now have confirmation that the country is one step closer to realizing this. | | | According to commentator Terry Savage, "Two-thirds of the U.S. paper currency is circulating in foreign countries." With the coming two-tiered currency system, foreigners will continue to be allowed to use the greenback while U.S. citizens will be stuck with the "crayola currency" which cannot be exchanged. | | | The primary benefit of being able to print the world’s fiat reserve currency is that foreigners really are stuck with it. |
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http://www.pearlegg.net/devalue.html
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| Â | Gold Reserve as supplied by EagleTraders.com |
| | In connection with balance of payments, "adequate" monetary reserves serve to absorb temporary payment deficits, thus preventing such drastic measures as currency devaluation, trade or exchange restrictions, and domestic deflation. | | | The gold held by central banks and governments that is available for reserve basis for domestic credit expansion of the banking system; gold cover, if any, for domestic money in circulation; and international balance of payments. | | | Growth in monetary reserves also facilitates a return to complete or partial degrees of CONVERTIBILITY of the currency internationally, if not domestically, into gold. |
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http://www.eagletraders.com/advice/securities/gold_reserve.htm
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| Â | Benin |
| | Although he enjoyed widespread support at first, Soglo gradually became unpopular as austerity measures reduced living standards and a 50% currency devaluation in 1994 caused inflation. |
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http://www.factmonster.com/id/A0107337.html
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| Â | GLOBAL CURRENCY DEVALUATION |
| | The prices will be lower to meet the new devaluation levels. | | | The corporate strategy has changed from capital flows in the form of currency, to physical plants in the developing economies and capital flowing to these plants. | | | Prior to the devaluation these economies consumed a great deal of US products. |
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http://www.angelfire.com/biz/devaluationjoedarosa
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| Â | Tricom revenues hit by currency devaluation |
| | The decrease in mobile revenues was the result of the devaluation of the Dominican peso combined with a US$1.7 million reclassification of commissions from expenses to revenues during the 2003 second quarter in accordance with Staff Accounting Bulletin (SAB 101) "Revenue Recognition" issued by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). | | | The Company's operating results reflect the impact of currency devaluation, which reached approximately 23% in the third quarter and 84% during the first nine months of the year, affecting the translation of Dominican peso-generated revenues into U.S. dollars. | | | The Company is in discussions with a number of strategic and financial investors regarding a potential sale or recapitalization. |
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http://www.cellular-news.com/story/10110.shtml
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| Â | CNN - Brazil continues currency float, raises interest rates - January 18, 1999 |
| | Minas Gerais owes $15 billion to the central government and together with the other 26 states, they owe the government $110 billion. | | | Franco's declaration earlier this month of a moratorium on debt payments to the federal government from his state, Minas Gerais, helped spark the large dollar outflows that forced the real's devaluation. | | | The real took a 21 percent plunge against the dollar since the government's unexpected announcement last week that it would no longer prop up the currency. |
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http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/americas/9901/18/brazil.02
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| Â | PetroChina Protected Against Currency Devaluation |
| | Energy investments offer protection against currency inflation whether it is in the dollar, or any other denomination. | | | Stock price may already reflect some devaluation risk. | | | Just when we get confident we might be surprised. |
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http://www.mcdep.com/Petrochinacurrency.htm
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| Â | World Wide ATM Locators - Currency Converters - Exchange Rates - Money |
| | Immediately following a devaluation the price of commodities produced within that nation, (as well as it’s real estate), becomes cheaper to buyers who have sound currencies and are capable of using those sound currencies to make their purchases. | | | Currency rates are cyclical and nations with high rates of inflation have weak currencies subject to periodic devaluation. | | | OANDA Currency Site - OANDA Currency Site - OANDA, the currency site featuring the one of the Web's most popular currency converters and state-of-the-art financial services for currency investing. |
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http://www.escapeartist.com/currency/currency.htm
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| Â | AP Interview: Cuba's Central Bank says country will shield local currency from devaluation |
| | Now, those sending the cash transfers will have to send the funds in a different foreign currency, such as euros or Canadian dollars, or the recipient in Cuba will have to pay a 10 percent surcharge to change the newly received American dollars into local currency for use at stores. | | | AP Interview: Cuba's Central Bank says country will shield local currency from devaluation | | | While some estimates place Cuba's remittances as high as $1 billion annually, those family cash transfers are just a fraction of the $9.3 billion in foreign exchange that flows into Cuba each year, Soberon said. |
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http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/news/archive/2004/11/02/financial1109EST0085.DTL
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| Â | Thailand -> History on Encyclopedia.com 2002 |
| | The International Monetary Fund pledged to provide Thailand with a $17 billion rescue package, and by 2000 the economy was experiencing a recovery, but the economic pain led in a loss of support for the government. | | | Fallen tiger: the story of Thailand's currency devaluation in 1997. | | | However, following years of speculation in the real estate market and growing corruption in government, its currency plummeted in July, 1997, setting off a crisis in Asian financial markets and plunging the country into a deep recession. |
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http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/section/thailand_history.asp
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| Â | GN Online: Lebanon remains steadfast against currency devaluation |
| | Whatever be the pressures from the IMF, Lebanon will stick to its determinationto avoid a devaluation of its currency, the pound, according to Raymond Audi, chairman and general manager of Banque Audi. | | | GN Online: Lebanon remains steadfast against currency devaluation | | | "Their main consideration that we should go for a devaluation is to help skip part of our debts quickly. |
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http://www.gulf-news.com/Articles/news.asp?ArticleID=98611
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| Â | AllRefer.com - Argentina : Economy, South America (South American Political Geography) - Encyclopedia |
| | Privatization and other economic reforms begun by President Menem in the early 1990s produced unprecedented economic growth, but significant economic problems remain, including high unemployment, a massive national debt (due to freehanded government spending and widespread tax evasion). | | | The economy was hurt by Brazil's recession and currency devaluation in the late 1990s, but the pegging of the peso to the dollar combined with Argentina's own economic problems resulted in economic collapse in 2001. | | | As a result, by 2003 some 60% of Argentines now live in poverty. |
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http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/A/Argentin-economy.html
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| Â | Forbes.com: Venezuela Official Comments on Currency |
| | Maza Zavala said changes could include simplifying the process companies must go through to buy U.S. dollars from Cadivi, the government's currency board. | | | There are no plans for a currency devaluation in Venezuela this year, a Central Bank director said Wednesday. | | | Cadivi sells U.S. dollars to private companies at the official rate of 1,917 bolivars to the U.S. dollar, but delays and excessive paperwork drive many to the black market. |
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http://www.forbes.com/home_europe/feeds/ap/2004/08/25/ap1518713.html
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