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Topic: Consumer surplus

Ads by Google      Consumer surplus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In terms of supply and demand, consumer's surplus is the analog to profit (or producer's surplus) (which is the difference between price and cost). The aggregate consumers' surplus is the sum of the consumer's surplus for each individual consumer. The gain is the difference between the price they are willing to pay (or reservation price) and the actual price. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_surplus   (440 words)      Economic surplus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For information about a budget surplus, see budget deficit. The consumer surplus is the amount that consumers benefit by being able to purchase a product for a price that is less than they would be willing to pay. In national accounts, operating surplus is roughly equal to distributed and undistributed pre-tax profit income, net of depreciation. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_and_producer_surplus   (327 words)      Consumer and producer surplus Consumer surplus is the difference between the amount that consumers actually pay and the amount that they would have been willing to pay. The total cost of consuming 10 units of this good at a price of $5 is $50. In general, the total benefit received from the purchase of a commodity is expected to exceed the opportunity cost. http://www.eco.utexas.edu/graduate/Konstantinova/3_Surplus.htm   (598 words)      [No title] Part of this lost consumer surplus is captured by producers as an income transfer (area B) and part of it is captured by the federal government as tariff revenue (area E), but part is not captured by either producers or the government (areas D and F). Notice that the consumer surplus in the world trade graph is equal to the surplus gained by the U.S. (the world’s net consumer or importer) and the producer surplus in the world trade graph is equal to the surplus gain in Mexico (the world’s net producer or exporter). This is called the consumer surplus, and is the area between the demand curve and the market price as quantity varies from 0 to the total quantity exchanged. http://web.nps.navy.mil/~brgates/documents/policynotes/cs-ps.doc   (5972 words)      [No title] Consumer surplus is the difference between what a consumer is willing to pay for the quantity of good purchased and what the good actually costs Graphically, for each individual, the consumer surplus is the area under the demand curve and above the market price up to the quantity the consumer buys. Calculate the change in consumer surplus, producer surplus and social welfare if the city government requires those people supplying such trips to possess a special license, and the government will issue only 300 licenses. Graph1: Graph 2: Market consumer surplus is the area under the market demand curve above the market price, up to the quantity consumers buy.¡JSs: d ó Ÿ¨-Effects of a price change on consumer surplus¡.. Ÿ ¨ Graph: Consumer surplus loss from a higher price Problem: Consider two demand curves that go through an initial equilibrium point e1. http://www.unc.edu/~ielceanu/101section8.ppt   (500 words)      Economic Efficiency and the Gains from Trade Consumer surplus is the benefit to a consumer of being able to buy a good at the equilibrium price. Consumer surplus is A, producer surplus is F, government tax revenue is B + D, and the deadweight social loss is C + E. Without a subsidy, consumer surplus is area A + B Producer surplus is the benefit to a producer/seller of being able to sell a good at the equilibrium price. http://www.econ.rochester.edu/eco108/ch9/summ9.html   (709 words)      Efficiency Consumer surplus is measured as the satisfaction consumers get from buying a product after we deduct what they paid for it. The net benefit to consumers who bought the three units is measured as the area described by the consumer surplus ($450). Graphically, consumer surplus is measured as the area under the demand curve and above the price. http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~hallagan/Econ101/Weeks/Week3/practice.html   (494 words)      Microeconomics Customer D, the so-called "marginal" consumer, is willing to pay $6 for a unit, but since the market price is $6, D gets no consumer surplus. Consumer surplus is the buyer's profit from buying a good. If the going market price of the good is $6 per unit, then A earns a "profit" (i.e., consumer surplus) of $3, since he was willing to pay $9 but only had to pay $6. http://www.csun.edu/~hceco008/c4a.htm   (327 words)      Consumer Surplus Because the budget line is a constraint separating what is possible from what is not possible, even non-rational consumers face a budget constraint. Notice that consumers' surplus is not related to the type of surplus that occurs in a market when price is above market-clearing price. Becker notes that if people randomly purchase goods, they will be randomly distributed, either along a budget constraint or within the area bordered by the budget constraint. http://www.ingrimayne.com/econ/MaximizingBeha/ConSurplus.html   (648 words)      Consumer Surplus Consumer surplus is defined as the difference between what consumers are willing to pay for a unit of the good and the amount consumers actually do pay for the product. The total consumer surplus in the market is given by the sum of the areas of the rectangles. Thus total consumer surplus can reasonably be measured as the area between the demand curve and the horizontal line drawn at the equilibrium market price. http://internationalecon.com/v1.0/ch90/90c080.html   (688 words)      Economic Analysis of Projects - Appendix 4 : Identification and Measurement of Consumer Surplus - ADB.org Consumer surplus equals the sum across all consumers of the differences between the price actually paid for the project output and what buyers would be willing to pay for it. In many projects in which consumer surplus is an important benefit source, the price of project output is set by the government, not the market. With the output of projects producing such goods and services being supplied free of charge, consumer surplus accounts for all of project benefits and can be estimated using a willingness to pay approach. http://www.adb.org/Documents/Guidelines/Eco_Analysis/appendix4.asp   (1574 words)      [No title] The maximum total surplus is the area between the demand and supply curves, which totals $11 ($8 value minus $2 cost for the first haircut, plus $7 value minus $3 cost for the second, plus $5 value minus $4 cost for the third). Consumer surplus measures buyers’ willingness to pay (measured by the demand curve) minus the amount the buyers actually pay. Producer surplus measures the amount sellers are paid for a good minus the sellers’ cost (measured by the supply curve). http://www.econ.umn.edu/~fyang/Summer03_1101/Ch7.doc   (3189 words)      Tutor2u - consumer surplus Consumer surplus is the difference between what consumers are willing to pay for a good or service (indicated by the position of the demand curve) and what they actually pay (the market price). Consumer surplus = total willingness to pay for a good or service - the total amount consumers actually do pay. When demand is inelastic, there is a greater potential consumer surplus because there are some buyers willing to pay a high price to continue consuming the product. http://www.tutor2u.net/economics/content/topics/marketsinaction/consumer_surplus.htm   (529 words)      Consumer and Producer Surplus [ Biz/ed Virtual Developing Country ] Consumer surplus is a measure of consumer welfare gained by consumers being able to purchase a good or service in the market at a price lower that the maximum that they would be prepared to pay for it rather than going with out it. Producer surplus is the difference between the revenue that the firms would earn from offering a good or service for sale rather than not selling it and the revenue that they are able to achieve by selling it at the market price. The producer surplus arises because the producer can now sell more than before and/ or at a higher price. http://www.bized.ac.uk/virtual/dc/trade/theory/th16.htm   (184 words)      Demand, Supply, and Surpluses Consumer B pays $5 for a cake that provides him $8 worth of happiness, so his consumer surplus is only $3. Consumer B gets only $8 worth of happiness fom a cake, which is why he will not buy one for $9, but will buy one for $8. So Consumer A gets $9 of happiness from cake, which is why she is willing to pay as much as $9 for one. http://faculty.uwb.edu/danby/bls324/surplus.html   (1026 words)      David Friedman, Price Theory: Chapter 4: Marginal Value, Marginal Utility, and Consumer Surplus Its traditional use in economics is to evaluate the net effect on consumers of some change in the economic system, such as the introduction of a tax or a subsidy. But the original discussion of marginal utility, marginal value, and consumer surplus treated the marginal utility of a dollar (usually called the marginal utility of income) as a constant. A second result is that the value to a consumer of being able to buy a good at a price, which we call consumer surplus, equals the area under the demand curve and above the price. http://www.daviddfriedman.com/Academic/Price_Theory/PThy_Chapter_4/PThy_Chapter_4.html   (11027 words)      Chapter Notes Consumer surplus, which is the difference between people's willingness to pay and the price they actually pay, is the blue area in the figure at right (area ABC). Producer surplus is defined as the difference between the cost (or minimum willingness to sell) to the producer and the actual market price. Every time that a consumer pays less than their maximum willingness to pay, economists will say that the consumer has just experienced consumer surplus. http://www.lclark.edu/~bekar/Mankiw/ch07/notes.htm   (701 words)      POP HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT - II Consumer surplus is the difference between what consumers are willing to pay for a good and what they actually pay. Using a graph, illustrate the consumer surplus, and the change in consumer surplus in response to a price increase. However, the producer gain is more than the consumer loss, and therefore total welfare generated by the export market goes up. http://econ.la.psu.edu/~cyavas/econ333/pophw2.htm   (592 words)      [No title] Then those benefits accrue to consumers, so that net consumer surplus is thus $176, and the loss from the tax is only $49. In terms we used earlier, the consumer purchases widgets until the marginal benefit of the last widget is equal to p0. Measuring Consumer Surplus from Demand Curves Since the consumer buys widgets to the point where the marginal benefit of the last unit equals its price, the sum of the marginal benefits is the area under the demand curve. http://www.uta.edu/dpwilson/intermediate/l04.doc   (1285 words)      Producer and Consumer Surplus Illustrated The total value to consumers of quantity Q is represented by areas A+B+C. Because the consumers must pay B+C, only the area A is surplus for them. Producers get revenue of B+C. is their surplus because only payments of C are needed to attract the resources necessary to produce quantity Q. The consumers' surplus at price Pc is A+B+D. The producers' surplus at this price is C+E. By raising price to Pm, sellers cause the consumers' surplus to shrink to the area A. http://www.ingrimayne.com/econ/MaximizingBeha/PandCSurplusIllust.html   (462 words)      Consumer Surplus Table 3 presents the consumer surplus -- the benefit achieved beyond the buyers' willingness to pay -- obtained by the simulated buyers for the usual combinations of seller strategies. As expected, when all pricebots play DF and seller profits are maximized, consumer surplus is minimized. What is a gain for MY and the consumers is a loss for the GT sellers. http://www.research.ibm.com/infoecon/paps/html/ec99/node11.html   (180 words)      Journal of Real Estate Research, The: Estimation of Consumer Surplus Benefits from a City Owned Multipurpose Coliseum ... It is estimated that aggregate consumer surplus from the GCC in 1999 exceeded the public subsidy for this complex, but a disproportionate amount of the consumer surplus benefits go to higher income households. A novel aspect of this paper is that it estimates the distribution of consumer surplus across households of different income levels, as well as aggregate consumer surplus. The justification most frequently given for subsidizing these types of facilities by their supporters is that they promote local economic development and employment. http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3750/is_200504/ai_n13638906   (342 words)      [No title] We will begin with the definition: Consumer Surplus — Consumer surplus is the difference between what a consumer(s) would have been willing to pay for a certain quantity of a good, and what that consumer(s) actually had to pay. Therefore, the area of the red rectangle represents the total amount consumers had to spend to buy 400 compact discs. Smith Consumer and Producer Surplus How can we determine if an economic policy (a tax, promoting free trade, a price floor, etc.) is “good” or “bad”? http://www.davidson.edu/academic/economics/smith/fhs/101/CS.doc   (819 words)      Frank Chapter 7 Problems Two units are sold, each with a tax of $2.00, yielding a tax revenue of $4.00. whereas before the tax the sum of consumer and producer surplus was $9.00. Looking at the table, we can see that the equilibrium price will be 14 -- the marginal cost equals the reservation price of the last consumer. http://www.pitt.edu/~upjecon/MCG/MICRO/chap7p.htm   (1693 words)      Welfare_economics The marginal resource cost is equal to the marginal revenue product for all production processes (i.e., the marginal physical product of a factor must be the same for all firms producing a good). A crude social welfare function can be constructed by measuring the subjective dollar value of goods and services distributed to participants in the economy (see also consumer surplus). The basic welfare economics problem is to find the theoretical maximum of a social welfare function, subject to various constraints such as the state of technology in production, available natural resources, national infrastructure, and behavoural constraints such as consumer utility maximization and producer profit maximization. http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/w/we/welfare_economics.html   (2241 words)      [No title] This marginal consumer is the one who values the good at its marginal cost. There are buyers willing to pay more than the market price, and because they are able to pay less than their value of the good, they benefit. The concept behind price discrimination is to charge each consumer exactly the amount he/she is willing to pay. http://www.csun.edu/~hceco008/c12b-ac.doc   (977 words)      Consumer Surplus Consumers buy the bundle that maximizes their utility given their budget constraint Producer surplus measures the benefit to sellers of providing the good Lower price increases consumer surplus by two pieces: http://www.usu.edu/hunnicut/2010/week3.html   (463 words)      Online TDM Encyclopedia - TDM Evaluation Calculate the total monetized benefits and costs for each year that is being considered (typically 10-20 years for a major investment project), and apply a discount value to future impacts. From this perspective, solving transport problems requires planning reforms that increase transport options, and market reforms that give consumers suitable incentives to choose the best option for each individual trip. Model and monetize (measure in monetary value) impacts, such as changes in congestion, crashes, road and parking facility costs, consumer costs, mobility options for disadvantaged travelers, pollution emissions, etc. http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/tdm14.htm   (2526 words)      Marginal Revolution: The consumer surplus from Google's Gmail From: Marginal Revolution The consumer surplus from Google's Gmail...Maybe I should get into this and start selling off Gmail accounts because as a user of Blogger I've been given the chance to get an account before the general public. I have heard that some accounts have gone for as much as $150. Tracked on May 4, 2004 5:44:57 PM » Gmail users profiteering at Ebay. http://www.marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2004/05/the_consumer_su.html   (559 words)      consumer finance company - definition of consumer finance company by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and ... consumer finance company - a finance company that makes loans to people who have trouble getting a bank loan consumer finance company - definition of consumer finance company by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/consumer+finance+company   (133 words)      Library of Economics and Liberty: Biographies in Brief His graphical depiction of this in a "Tableau Economique" helped economists explain and keep track of the accounting of goods and services, which aided economists in explaining the flaws of the mercantilists' claims that countries that exported and accumulated gold benefited themselves. His teaching covered marginal utility, elasticity of demand, production costs, and consumer surplus. He brought this refreshing skill repeatedly to economics, which was in the process of becoming increasingly mathematical during his academic years. http://www.econlib.org/library/briefbios.html   (3890 words)      Liquidation.com - Business Surplus Liquidation Excess Inventory Closeouts Computer Liquidations Surplus Liquidation ... Liquidation.com - Business Surplus Liquidation Excess Inventory Closeouts Computer Liquidations Surplus Liquidation Auction Wholesale Products http://www.liquidation.com   (24 words)      SSRN-Consumer Surplus in the Digital Economy: Estimating the Value of Increased Product Variety at Online Booksellers ... Our analysis indicates that the increased product variety of online bookstores enhanced consumer welfare by $731 million to $1.03 billion in the year 2000, which is between seven to ten times as large as the consumer welfare gain from increased competition and lower prices in this market. One reason for increased product variety on the Internet is the ability of online retailers to catalog, recommend and provide a large number of products for sale. While efficiency gains from increased competition significantly enhance consumer surplus, for instance by leading to lower average selling prices, our present research shows that increased product variety made available through electronic markets can be a significantly larger source of consumer surplus gains. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=400940   (456 words)      SSRN-Consumer Surplus in Online Auctions by Ravi Bapna, Wolfgang Jank, Galit Shmueli We find that consumer surplus is significantly different across currencies and item categories, negatively influenced by seller experience, auction duration and competition, and positively influenced by bidder experience, bidder aggressiveness and item price. For common value auctions, where bidders bid strategically to avoid winner's curse, we develop an estimation procedure that infers the bidders' signals from their bids, and subsequently infers the item's common value and resulting surplus, from the signals. Our analysis, based on a sample of 4514 eBay auctions, indicates that the average surplus level per eBay auction is $15.59, which roughly translates to $6.5 billion in accrued consumer surplus for the year 2003 alone. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=840264   (372 words)      ST. LOUIS PUBLIC LIBRARY: PREMIER LIBRARY SOURCES The focus groups also helped the researchers test the accuracy of the prices the research team established for individual library services. Consumer Surplus Valuation of Services: Pricing Market Substitutes for Library Services The preparation for and carrying out of the survey involved many steps. http://www.slpl.lib.mo.us/libsrc/resurp.htm   (486 words)      Learn more about Supply and demand in the online encyclopedia. See also: Microeconomics, Externalities, Taxes and Subsidies, Deadweight loss, Consumer and producer surplus, Consumer Theory, Rationing. http://www.onlineencyclopedia.org/s/su/supply_and_demand.html   (1700 words)      [No title] Do you think the new forms of information or access to information will mean that consumers will make better decisions? ßÐ Ñ ÿ  ?ð€ ð€ ðpB ð € ÃðH ‡ D  ¿ À Ë >ßÐ Ñ ÿ  ?ðАppðpB ð ÃðH ‡ D  ¿ À Ë >ßÐ Ñ ÿ  ?ðÐà pð ¢ ð ÃðH€Ô.ö ‡¿ ƒ ¿ À Ë œ1ÿ  ?ð궵ð 𨟨`Adopted from: Uhl, J. Consumer Education and protection: A synergistic relationship. Two dimension of control that can help define consumer privacy¡?’u?ó2- Ÿ $Goodwin s TaxonomyŸ ¡ ’u ª /ððó4 ó5 ó6 ó7 ó8 ó9 ó: ó; ó http://www.fcs.uga.edu/~tmauldin/ppt5150/informppt.ppt   (242 words)      explore consumer surplus What will Ann's consumer surplus be at this price? If the price of shoes is $15, how many pairs will Ann buy? http://ingrimayne.saintjoe.edu/econ/MaximizingBeha/explore_consumer_surplus.htm   (52 words)      [No title] Also note that, in this case, consumers enjoy NET GAIN.¡Lˆ 2P  ÿþ     ðfÒ ðc€  “ð6 ‡  ƒ ¿ À ÿ  ˆðÐñÀð𘢠ðf€ ƒð0€P©I¿ ƒ ¿ À ÿ  ð£@0Š ð8Ÿ¨Output¡ 2 ðÚ¢ ðh€ ƒð0€h­I¿ ¿ À Ë Ô”ÿ  ð0 @À¶  ðzŸ¨6EXAMPLE: Water in some countries, natural gas in 70s.       . - ð ûêÿ¼@Arial- .   33™42 áC Also note that, in this case,        . - ð ûêÿ¼ @Arial- .   33™2 ái consumers   . - ð ûêÿ¼@Arial- .   33™2 áåenjoy NET GAIN. . - ð -  - $! —! ¡ ¡ ·! ·! Â, ¬-  - ú - - $! —! ¡ ¡ ·! ·! Â, ¬- - ð ' ÿÿûçÿ¼@Arial- .   2 Ô Output. - ð - - Ÿ¡  ÿþª ðùðl ðjP`  ð"ˆ ðPj` ð,$ ñD  0ðhb ðˆ  sð* ‡  ̙ÿ¿ À ÿ  "ñ¿ `ð\* † ðh ðˆ  sð* ‡  ̙ÿ¿ À ÿ  "ñ¿ `ðj* Jðî ðˆ  C ð¾B @C @D EÁ(FÁ  ƒ †A¿ À ÅAÐ Ñ Ò Ó Ô Õ ÿ   ðÿ@Dˆ ˆÐÀøP ØP À ¨  @ @­ ­ ­ ¬€ð°@ð € 𧢠ð ˆ  ƒð0€Œr3¿ ƒ ¿ À ÿ  ð°P` 7 ð?Ÿ¨ Consumer loss¡ 2 ð” ðl ðt @ ð&ˆ ð* t@ð,$ ñD  0ðn ð#ˆ  ƒð0 ‡  ƒ ¿ À ÿ  "ñ¿ `ðt @𢢠ð%ˆ  ƒð0€`w3¿ ƒ ¿ À ÿ  ðP http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~koizumi/GMU_PUBP720/Lecture_9/CS_PS_analysis.ppt   (611 words)      [No title] Ÿ¨ Consumer C¡  ðfB ð Р“ð6 ‡ ¿ À Ë 8cÑ ÿ  ?ð9)8 Èðf2 ð!Ð “ð6 ‡  ¿ À Ë œ1ÿ  ?ðÆ å &E ðdB ð"Ð £ð http://garnet.acns.fsu.edu/~tsass/ECO3104/Notes/Sass_ECO3104_OC17.ppt   (290 words)      [No title] ßÔ Õ ÿ ðp ÅÐ𚢠ð( ƒð0€¤ˆ ‡¿ ¿ À ÿ ðà õ‰ ð:Ÿ¨Supply¡€ þð¤b ð(€ ÃðH ‡  ÿÿ‚ €¿ À Ë jJÎ Ô Õ × ÿ ðPÚZ` ð,$ ñD  0ðÖ ð( ÓðN €†«g ‚Ö³ƒ«g „Ö³‡ ¿ ¿ À ÿ ?ðåµ$ð,$ ñ 0 ð$Ÿ¨Producer Surplusð¾ ð( Óðb ‡ €  ÿÿ̆A ‡Á¿ À 3ÿ ¨) ¨) ?¿Parchmentð0 . http://www.unc.edu/~lkbryant/econ130/tariffs/tarifs.ppt   (199 words)      Liquidation.com - Closeout Electronics Liquidation Surplus Electronics Wholesale Electronics Surplus Liquidation.com - Closeout Electronics Liquidation Surplus Electronics Wholesale Electronics Surplus PSP & PS2 - SONY PLAYSTATION PORTABLE (VALUE PACK) & PLAYSTATION 2 - BRAND NEW VIDEO GAME CONSOLE & HANDHELDS http://www.liquidation.com/list/c1004   (239 words)      [No title] ?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrtÿÿÿÿuvwxyz{}~€DocumentSummaryInformation8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ,Current Userÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ-ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ   þÿÿÿþÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿplusConsumerÕs SurplusConsumerÕs SurplusProducerÕs SurplusProducerÕs SurplusProducerÕs SurplusProducerÕs SurplusProducerÕs Surplus Fonts UsedDesign Template Embedded OLE Servers  Slide Titlesö%_À‘ã’ ô÷Gary Charness http://www.econ.ucsb.edu/~charness/econ100B/ch14_class.ppt   (292 words)      XII XII.  CONSUMER AND PRODUCER SURPLUS:  NORMATIVE ANALYSIS OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND http://www.nicholls.edu/mcoats/note12.htm   (50 words)

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