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| | Planned economy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | A planned economy eliminates the dependence of production on individual profit motives, which may not in themselves provide for all society's needs. | | | A planned economy can serve social rather than individual ends: under such a system, rewards, whether wages or perquisites, are to be distributed according to the social value of the service performed. | | | Under a planned economy, neither unemployment nor idle production facilities should exist beyond minimal levels, and the economy should develop in a stable manner, unimpeded by inflation or recession. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_economy
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| | Poland - THE CENTRALLY PLANNED ECONOMY |
| | Centralized planning ranged from broad, long-range statements of fundamental future development to guidance on the operation of specific enterprises. | | | Within that framework, current production goals were established in an annual operational plan, called the National Economic Plan. | | | As the years passed, these plans contained more and more specific detail; because requirements and supplies could not be forecast in advance, plans were inconsistent and constantly needed revision. |
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http://countrystudies.us/poland/50.htm
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| | AllRefer - Romania - Banking - The Role of Banking in a Centrally Planned Economy Romanian Information Resource |
| | Nor are they in business to make a profit, because in the absence of money and capital markets, there is no mechanism to assign an accurate price for credit and thereby earn a fair profit. | | | As one of the three principal sources of money to finance operations and investments--the others being state budget allocations and profits retained by enterprises from the sale of commodities--banks exercised considerable influence over all economic units. | | | Economic reforms in the late 1970s assigned greater responsibility to the banks for policing the economy to ensure that enterprises were operating and developing in compliance with the national plan. |
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http://reference.allrefer.com/country-guide-study/romania/romania100.html
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| | Socialism, by Robert Heilbroner: The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics: Library of Economics and Liberty |
| | Socialism—defined as a centrally planned economy in which the government controls all means of production—was the tragic failure of the twentieth century. | | | One was the difficulty of specifying outputs in terms that would maximize the well-being of everyone in the economy, not merely the bonuses earned by individual factory managers for "overfulfilling" their assigned objectives. | | | In 1982, to stimulate the production of gloves from moleskins, the Soviet government raised the price it was willing to pay for moleskins from twenty to fifty kopecks per pelt. |
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http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/Socialism.html
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| | ABC News: China Seeks to Soothe Markets on Rates |
| | Most economists said they expected Beijing to gradually ease the measures used to curb credit and investment, which have slowed growth but been criticized for distorting the economy and being heavy-handed. | | | The rise in interest rates rippled through global financial markets, undermining stocks and commodity prices on worries global growth could ease if demand from China tapered off. | | | China's economic expansion has slowed for several quarters in a row in response to the administrative measures, but annual third-quarter growth was still stronger than markets had expected at 9.1 percent. |
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http://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory?id=207926
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| | chapter 9 - Central Planning |
| | Moreover, as part of calculating an optimal production plan the Central Planning Board calculated the number of people in each labor category to be assigned to work at each production unit. | | | What is less obvious is that in calculating an optimal production plan the Central Planning Board also necessarily calculates the social value (or opportunity cost) of each scarce input used in producing the optimal production plan, including each category of labor. | | | The Central Planning Board would fix the number of employees to be hired in each category in each production unit, as in the first case. |
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http://www.zmag.org/books/9/9.htm
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| | Replying to Mandell and Finger |
| | First, the widest disparities in an economy are not a particularly relevant measure when discussing overall distribution of income, and, even if they were, comparing low-end laborers with high-end CEOs and athletes, much less with capitalists earning profits on property, would more than equal the grotesque disparities Mandell rightly decries. | | | Put another way, the sector of planners and administrators that rises to dominance over the economy in Centrally Planned Socialism needn't be a political elite and needn't carry out its functions through a political state apparatus. | | | One can have, in a centrally planned economy, many methods for bringing the will and opinion of the public to the attention of planners. |
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http://www.zmag.org/replying.htm
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| | The myth of shareholder capitalism and why large corporations are harmful |
| | Most of those running large corporations would agree that a free market economy is more efficient than a centrally planned economy. | | | This suggests that either a centrally planned economy or a capitalist economy dominated by small companies, must be better than an economy dominated by large corporations. | | | Large corporations, conglomerates in particular, move asset allocation from being a market process, to one that is centrally planned. |
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http://www.ptz.com/c/a00005.html
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| | MSN Encarta - Print Preview - Communism |
| | Foreign trade occupied an inconsequential place in the economy, and trade that did occur was usually with other planned economies. | | | The first was government ownership of virtually all the means of production—farms, factories, scientific laboratories, shops, and so forth—and organization of those assets into firms managed by employees of the state. | | | The third was a policy of giving the highest priority to industrial investment and—in the Soviet Union, North Korea, and several other countries—to military spending, at the expense of production of consumer goods and food products. |
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http://encarta.msn.com/text_761572241___42/Communism.html
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| | Bulgaria - The Economy - ECONOMIC STRUCTURE |
| | One of the most important tasks of central planning was what was referred to as material balances --planning for correspondence between supply and demand of goods. | | | First, central economic planners often were unable to plan an economy efficiently; and second, even when they could plan well, they were unable to achieve the goals they planned. | | | Thus enterprises were informed of their binding norms for a planning period, including volume and mix of output, procurement limits, level of state investment, foreign currency earnings, foreign currency limits for imports, and wage rates. |
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http://countrystudies.us/bulgaria/34.htm
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| | Ch18 |
| | Although important, the economic reforms that took place in developed market economies and in developing countries were far less dramatic and profound than those that followed the collapse of the centrally planned economies and the political systems of Eastern and Central Europe and the former USSR. | | | While these estimated savings and improvements may not be additive they confirm that, even without the development of new varieties or animal breeds, the food deficit economies currently in transition are likely to become self-sufficient, if not net exporters, of a number of products. | | | In most countries the retail prices of most products were freed, although in some cases the prices of certain basic food products, such as bread, are still subsidized or controlled. |
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http://www.fao.org/docrep/v6800e/V6800E0j.htm
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| | 4 Free Essays |
| | A centrally planned economy is certain to meet everyone's basic needs, there are no monopolies allowed, no supply and demand wheel affects the economy, good values of equality and sharing are taught, and a central economy looks ahead at the 'big picture' and makes sure that there is a balance in society. | | | In a central economy, this problem would have been foreseen and prevented as best as possible, which is another advantage to total government control. | | | This is an example of the contrasts of the market economy and the centrally planned economy. |
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http://www.4freeessays.com/essays/1625.shtml
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| | [No title] |
| | Under central planning, because the State was both a producer and a provider of social services, firms quite frequently assumed a social role inappropriate in a free market economy. | | | Different, successful Western and western-style economies have widely different tax regimes, some reliant on indirect taxation (sale taxes and value added taxes) and others rest upon direct taxation (income and profits taxes). | | | The law of liability, as it existed in centrally planned economies, has been likened to military law. |
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http://vassun.vassar.edu/~kennett/Law.htm
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| | Peace Corps World Wise Schools Lesson Plans Teacher Guides Kyrgyzstan |
| | The goal was to move away from a centrally planned economy to one in which economic decisions are determined primarily by market forces and consumer preferences. | | | Instead of relying on supply and demand to determine what would be manufactured and at what cost a government plan spelled out what would be produced, where it would be produced, and the price at which it would be sold. |
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http://www.peacecorps.gov/wws/guides/kyrgyzstan/econ.html
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| | Soviet Economy |
| | Some economists estimate that the second economy (black market) was at least as big as the official, planned economy. | | | The second economy provided a way for Soviet citizens to increase their standard of living by both buying and selling consumer goods. | | | It used the goals and policies established by the five year plans as a basis for developing more precise production targets for each industry and region of the country. |
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http://www.cssd.ab.ca/tech/social/tut9/lesson_21.htm
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| | David Smith's EconomicsUK.com: Japan and the future of the world economy |
| | The cold fact is that even the economies of those nations that most closely conform to neoliberalism, like the United States, are regulated by elite bureaucracies such as the Federal Reserve Bank, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, the Treasury Department, and the Interstate Commerce Commission. | | | The rate at which any economy – capitalist, socialist, feudal, fascist or what have you – can grow is dependent on how much of its production is saved and invested, rather than consumed. | | | First, Japanese government accounting is very different from European or American government accounting, and that what have sometimes been reported as deficits are in fact surpluses. |
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http://www.economicsuk.com/blog/000061.html
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| | Finance & Development, September 2000 - Poland's Transformation |
| | Responsible economic policies will allow benefits to be maximized and the risks associated with integration into the world economy to be reduced. | | | By 2003, the general government's budget will be balanced and the inflation rate will drop below 4 percent. | | | Some changes in EU economic policies would also be helpful—for example, institutional reform bringing the Common Agricultural Policy closer to market determination of prices for agricultural products and the design and implementation of social and labor-market reforms aimed at reducing structural unemployment. |
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http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2000/09/balcerow.htm
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| | SS5 - Tranformation of the Czech Economy |
| | Macroeconomic developments of the Czech Republic and comparison of these developments with selected countries of Central Europe (output and demand, internal balance, foreign trade and external balance, labor market). | | | The course will be focused on the difficult process of transformation, based as it is on political and economic liberalization, macroeconomic stabilization and privatization. | | | Economic policy in the period of transition to a market economy - basic approaches, priorities and the main tools. |
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http://nb.vse.cz/~subrtova/ss5.htm
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| | FreedomWorks -- Capitol Comment 259 - Whats a Dollar Raise Really Worth? |
| | In todays economy, the jobs lost from this minimum wage increase may not make a difference to nationwide unemployment figures, but it could, ironically, devastate the poorer communities Congress wants to help. | | | Yet Congress seems convinced that its centrally planned approach to the labor market will solve the problem of poverty. | | | With a nationwide price floor for wages, businesses in rural areas will be forced to pay the same amount for labor as those businesses in large urban areas such as New York City. |
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http://www.cse.org/processor/printer.php?issue_id=132
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| | Making Microsoft Safe for Capitalism by James Gleick |
| | The press made fun, but it was taken in, too, giving weeks of extensive coverage to what amounted in essence to a product introduction—and an upgrade, at that. | | | The market in big desktop applications is a much-disputed case in point. | | | Fortunately for American consumers, we do not have a centrally planned economy." |
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http://www.around.com/microsoft.html
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| | Economic Transition in Vietnam : Trade and Aid in the Demise of a Centrally Planned Economy: IɚXBookWeb |
| | Foreign aid provided most of the resources which, in the context of an under-developed agrarian economy, permitted planned industrialization. | | | The development of foreign trade and aid since 1960and aid in the development of a market economy; reform of the foreign trade system. | | | However, chronic shortages emerged, encouraging individuals and enterprises to divert resources to local uses. |
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http://bookweb.kinokuniya.co.jp/htmy/1840645776.html
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| | foodfirst.org: Cuba's New Agricultural Revolution |
| | This change is the acceptance of foreign investment in production and processing in the agricultural sector of the economy. | | | These included the legalization of holdings and expenditures in foreign currencies and self-employment in certain specified areas; the active promotion of foreign investment in Cuba; the elimination of subsidies on some items of popular consumption; and a move toward implementation of a system of taxation. | | | Several additional aspects of Cuba's agrarian sector prior to 1990 were common components of agricultural policy in other socialist countries besides the USSR, including the collectivization of production-typically in large-scale form-and the assumption of control over produce marketing by state agencies. |
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http://www.foodfirst.org/pubs/devreps/dr14.html
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| | JIAN-MING ZHOU, EUI Working Paper ECO No. 98/12 - full text |
| | Although the quota prices were lower than the market prices, the state provided fertilizer and credit at subsidized prices to farmers. | | | But China has pursued a third way between the centrally planned economy and free market system, implemented a mixed economy of governments, village and households, and consequently succeeded in solving the above-mentioned dilemma by both preventing new landlessness in the low wage economy and controlling inefficient land-holding in the high wage economy. | | | However, Hayami does not note a dilemma: certain strongly enforced regulations or conditions in the land transaction market in the low wage economy may become a source of inefficient land-holding in the high wage economy; but without them, newly landless would appear in the low wage economy. |
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http://www.iue.it/ECO/WP-Texts/98_12.html
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| | Centrally Planned Economy |
| | Centrally Planned Economy Unlike our economy, a centrally planned economy is more or less run by the government rather than the individuals/corporations. | | | The bureaucracy however, is in charge of making sure each company has the necessary materials and labor to do so. | | | All said and done, in a centrally planned economy, all the land and capital is owned by the government. |
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http://www.radessays.com/viewpaper/56044/Centrally_Planned_Economy.html
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| | Centrally Planned Economies |
| | How necessary is strong centralized leadership for reform? | | | Redefines relationship between units of analysis (individual, state, global) and between organizations at each level | | | President versus parliament: parliament cant impose the necessary reforms: too much democracy |
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http://astro.temple.edu/~alistair/26105.htm
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| | 'Smaller Learning Communities' Prepare Workers for a State-Planned Economy |
| | Im-plemented particularly in the last century, STW/SLC is the practical outworking of a state planned economy, with government bureaucrats making basic life choices once properly deferred to the individual. | | | Advocates of STW/SLC long for an economy that puts more choices in the hands of business and government conglomerates, thus reducing the economic choices available to the individual. | | | That's like arguing a mother is "just a little bit pregnant." An economy is either free market based, or it is at some level of slippage toward centralized economic planning. |
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http://www.cephas-library.com/education/education_smaller_communities_government_controlled.html
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| | US Policy embraces State-Planned economy |
| | Instead, government centrally plans and manages the economy. | | | Federal law forms a new governance structure that opposes both free enterprise and representative government. | | | Current reauthorization of elementary and secondary education act (HR1/S1) cements entire system in place. |
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http://www.edaction.org/upda0219.htm
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| | China Economy. GDP, Income, Inflation, Imports, Exports, Exchange Rates. China |
| | The authorities switched to a system of household and village responsibility in agriculture in place of the old collectivization, increased the authority of local officials and plant managers in industry, permitted a wide variety of small-scale enterprises in services and light manufacturing, and opened the economy to increased foreign trade and investment. | | | The government has struggled to (a) collect revenues due from provinces, businesses, and individuals; (b) reduce corruption and other economic crimes; and (c) keep afloat the large state-owned enterprises, many of which had been shielded from competition by subsidies and had been losing the ability to pay full wages and pensions. | | | In 2003, with its 1.3 billion people but a GDP of just $5,000 per capita, China stood as the second-largest economy in the world after the US (measured on a purchasing power parity basis). |
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http://china.adoption.com/about/economy.php
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| | Teaching about the Soviet Union. ERIC Digest |
| | Students should study the party hierarchy, the centrally planned economy and government, and the bureaucratic administration. | | | Content on the Soviet Union might be infused into standard high school government or economics courses in the form of lessons on centrally planned economics or government bureaucracy. | | | Visualizing the difficulty of coordinating goods and services for a country the size of the U.S.S.R. from one central location (Moscow) will help students see why reformers like Khrushchev and Gorbachev have tried to introduce experiments with decentralized control. |
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http://www.ericdigests.org/pre-927/soviet.htm
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| | Professor Wojciech W. Charemza |
| | With R. Quandt: 'The housing market in a centrally planned economy: An empirical analysis', Kyklos 43, 1990, pp. | | | He is also a Member of the International Advisory Board for the European University at St. Petersburg, Russia, Member of the Advisory Committee to the Gdansk Institute for Market Economies and a Resource Person to the Economics Education and Research Consortium, Russia. | | | W.W. Charemza, M. Lifshits and S. Makarova, Conditional testing for unit-root bilinearity in financial time series: some theoretical and empirical results, paper presented at the conference Computing in Economics and Finance, Aix-en Provence, June 27-29, 2002. |
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http://www.le.ac.uk/economics/wch
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| | Economic Spectrum |
| | Which are most similar to a market economy and which are closest to a planned economy? | | | How do we tell the difference between these mixed economies ? | | | All economies take some components of each system to develop an economy that works. |
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http://www.cssd.ab.ca/tech/social/tut9/lesson_8.htm
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| | CNN.com - Austrian Air eyes Bulgarian carrier - Apr 15, 2004 |
| | European Union-candidate Bulgaria aims to sell up to 100 percent of Bulgaria Air among measures to reform its once centrally planned economy and to inject cash into the recently created company. | | | But the plan may change, because Bulgaria could join the EU's liberated air-travel market by as soon as the end of this year. | | | Under the government's current sell-off plan, a majority stake would be earmarked for a domestic investor so that the company could operate as the national carrier. |
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http://www.cnn.com/2004/TRAVEL/04/15/bt.austria.bulgaria.air.reut/index.html
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| | Pensieri di un lunatico minore: Centrally planned economy in America |
| | Now, it’s not clear if that’s the return to the companies we subsidize, or if it’s the return to the American taxpayer, but either way, such subsidies are nothing but centrally planned economies in disguise. | | | It’s not just things like this, it’s corn subsidies (ethanol thy name is subsidy) and everything else we pretend to believe is a free-market, when the federal government spends billions subsidizing the price, or pushing it down. | | | Pensieri di un lunatico minore: Centrally planned economy in America |
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http://www.amber.org/~petrilli/archive/2004/09/05/centrally_planned_economy_in_america.html
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| | IHT: Metamorphosis: From centrally planned to market economy |
| | Young technocrats such as Liu Chaodong, deputy director of the Bureau of Labors employment division, are in charge of ensuring that the vast and rapid changes that society is experiencing are held together by the supportive glue of government. | | | In the 1990s, the city experienced a huge amount of reform, as it moved from a planned economy to a market economy, says Liu. | | | IHT: Metamorphosis: From centrally planned to market economy |
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http://www.iht.com/articles/85841.html
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| | ... 'Entrepreneurs in Red: Structure and Organizational Innovation in the Centrally Planned Economy' by Kalman Rupp - ... |
| | 'Entrepreneurs in Red: Structure and Organizational Innovation in the Centrally Planned Economy' by Kalman Rupp - at Loanspage.net books for Loans. | | | Loanspage.co.uk: Resolve your debts with our free loans seeking online service - a professional loan service that quickly finds suitable loans for you, and then fills out the lender's application forms on your behalf. | | | Sit and relax whilst we find lenders to |
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http://www.loanspage.net/book/0873956362/Entrepreneurs_in_Red_Structure_and_Organizatio.phtml
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| | SPP202 |
| | Given resource constraints, identifying appropriate targets is critical. | | | While everyone is at risk in tbe systemic transformation of a post-centrally planned economy in transition, some groups are more in need of social protection than others. |
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http://www.cspp.strath.ac.uk/abs202.html
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| | SNF Related Information - Service Area |
| | Belarus has a centrally planned economy dominated by state-controlled heavy industry. | | | Belarus has a generally flat terrain with many forests, lakes, and marshes. | | | Nearly 80 percent of its people are ethnic Belarusians, and about two-thirds of its population live in urban centers. |
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http://www.russianservice.com/regions.asp?Main=Belarus
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| | North Korea's No. 2 leader says his government wants to settle nuclear dispute through dialogue |
| | North Korea has set up a fledgling software industry, which held a trade show in Beijing in 2002, though it isn't clear how effective it has been at developing marketable products. | | | China has hosted a series of such visits by Kim Jong Il and other North Korean leaders to study Chinese economic reforms in hopes that the North might try to revive its decrepit centrally planned economy by allowing similar changes. | | | The North Korean leader received a briefing on the company and the surrounding technology park, located in an area that Beijing has dubbed "China's Silicon Valley." |
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http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/news/archive/2004/10/18/international1229EDT0527.DTL
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| | SPP207 |
| | The informal economy, which is replacing the second economy, differs from the latter in its degree of internationalization, and in relying upon fulltime rather than part-time work. | | | The social impact of the informal economy is also different, increasing income inequality and regional disparities, thus replacing the graduations of social differences found in the multi-coloured activities of the second economy with sharper black and white differences. | | | Transformation is making the concepts of a first and second economy obsolete. |
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http://www.cspp.strath.ac.uk/abs207.html
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| | EUI online publications: Item 1814/471 |
| | Modelling Interactions Between State and Private Sector in a 'Previously' Centrally Planned Economy | | | There are no files associated with this item. | | | Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: |
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http://hdl.handle.net/1814/471
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| | Guardian Unlimited Columnists Old habits and fears die hard in Ukraine |
| | Unemployment is estimated at 12% and the centrally planned economy, a legacy of Soviet rule, suffers from underinvestment and debt. | | | But for many others, the election was a battle for Ukraine's heart and soul as well as its wallet, a fundamental struggle over values and its place in the world. |
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http://www.guardian.co.uk/Columnists/Column/0,5673,1357368,00.html
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