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| | Bretton Woods Agreement (1944): historical context, economic impact and related links |
 | | Under the Bretton Woods system, the IMF member countries agreed to a system of exchange rates that could be adjusted within defined parities with the U.S. dollar or, with the agreement of the IMF, changed to correct a fundamental disequilibrium in the balance of payments. | | | The delegates at Bretton Woods reached an agreement known as the Bretton Woods Agreement to establish a postwar international monetary system of convertible currencies, fixed exchange rates and free trade. | | | The Bretton Woods Agreement was also aimed at preventing currency competition and promoting monetary co-operation among nations. |
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http://canadianeconomy.gc.ca/english/economy/1944Bretton_woods.html
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| | The Bretton Woods Agreement |
| | The Bretton Woods agreement resulted in a system of fixed exchange rates that reinstated the gold standard partly, fixing the US dollar at USD35/oz and fixing the other main currencies to the dollar- intended to be on a permanent basis. | | | In the latter stages of WWII, The Bretton Woods agreement was reached on the initiative of the USA in July 1944. | | | The Bretton Woods Conference rejected John Maynard Keynes suggestion for a new world reserve currency in favor of a system built on the US dollar. |
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http://www.universityforex.com/courses/free/intro_forex/part1/bretton.htm
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| | Bretton Woods Revisted: GATT (part 1 0f 4) |
| | Building on the Bretton Woods agreement, there have been eight completed rounds of GATT negotiations since 1947. | | | In 1944, some 24 nations met in Bretton Woods New Hampshire to map out a post war strategy to revitalize the global economy. | | | Bretton Woods Revisted: GATT (part 1 0f 4) |
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http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm/political_economy/5861
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| | Bretton Woods: Birth and Breakdown - Global Policy Forum - Social and Economic Policy |
| | The IMF Agreement that came out of Bretton Woods contained a scarce currency clause, which, as Keynes pointed out, "commits the US to finding a way out in the event of the balance of trade turning obstinately in its favour" (Moggeridge, p. | | | Moreover, the institutions of Bretton Woods were part of a planned global regulatory system for trade and finance. | | | Keynes' letters and reports around the time of Bretton Woods do not discuss the coordination of tax policy between states. |
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http://www.globalpolicy.org/socecon/bwi-wto/2001/braithwa.htm
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| | News articles for Bretton Woods, New Hampshire |
| | Hence the Bretton Woods agreement, and the establishment of General Agreement on Trade and Tariff (GATT) and the policing role of the IMF and World Bank. | | | The nation opted for economic reforms driven by the Bretton Woods institutions, with the attendant cuts on social budgets that wreaked havoc, largely on the... | | | Part of the conditions for the recent resumption of loan disbursement by the Bretton Woods institutions is that public universities retrench 3,500 of their... |
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http://www.us-news-watch.com/New_Hampshire/Bretton_Woods.html
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| | Bretton Woods Revisted: GATT (part 1 0f 4) |
| | Building on the Bretton Woods agreement, there have been eight completed rounds of GATT negotiations since 1947. | | | In 1944, some 24 nations met in Bretton Woods New Hampshire to map out a post war strategy to revitalize the global economy. | | | In 1947, this agreement forged the creation of three international organizations: the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Monetary Fund. |
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http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm/political_economy/5861
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| | SurfWax: News, Reviews and Articles On Bretton Woods Conference |
| | The Bretton Woods Conference at the end of World War II established the dollar, a solid currency backed by gold, as a benchmark currency for financing international trade, with all other currencies pegged to it at fixed rates that changed only infrequently. | | | As these twin institutions mark the 60th anniversary of their founding at the Bretton Woods conference in 1944, finance ministers from the big economies were savouring a renewed blossoming of growth in the Western world in what Raghuram Rajan, the IMF s chief economist, hailed as the springtime of recovery. | | | In 1944, at the Bretton Woods Conference, the IMF and World Bank were created to alleviate poverty and shape a new global economic order at the end of World War II.. |
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http://news.surfwax.com/economics/files/Bretton_Woods_Conference.html
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| | The Bretton Woods Agreement |
| | The Bretton Woods agreement resulted in a system of fixed exchange rates that reinstated the gold standard partly, fixing the US dollar at USD35/oz and fixing the other main currencies to the dollar- intended to be on a permanent basis. | | | In the latter stages of WWII, The Bretton Woods agreement was reached on the initiative of the USA in July 1944. | | | The Bretton Woods Conference rejected John Maynard Keynes suggestion for a new world reserve currency in favor of a system built on the US dollar. |
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http://www.universityforex.com/courses/free/intro_forex/part1/bretton.htm
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| | Bretton Woods |
| | According to the Bretton Woods Agreements, the IMF was designed to assist a member country in financing its current account deficit while implementing policies to restore balance of payments equilibrium. | | | Such an arrangement would be in accordance with the original intentions of the Bretton Woods participants and Article VI of the IMF's Articles of Agreement, which prohibits the use of IMF funds for financing capital exports. | | | A serious error made at Bretton Woods was to make the dollar (or its equivalent in terms of a fixed amount of gold) the unit of account for determining par values of the currencies. |
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http://www.javvo.com/colerche/BW_000.htm
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| | Background to the issues |
| | Critics of the World Bank and the IMF are also apprehensive about the role of the Bretton Woods institutions in shaping the development discourse through their research, training and publishing activities. | | | The Bretton Woods Institutions are the World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund ( IMF). | | | While each of these institutions possess their own governing Articles of Agreement, all of them come under the general administration of the World Bank, sharing a common Board of Governors and Board of Directors and working under the leadership of World Bank president appointed by the US government - currently James Wolfensohn. |
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http://www.brettonwoodsproject.org/background/index.shtml
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| | Bretton Woods |
| | By the late 1 960s, however, the Bretton Woods dream of a stable monetary system of fixed exchange rates with the US dollar as the only international currency was collapsing under the strain of US trade and budgetary deficits. | | | And the Bretton Woods institutions themselves are coming under direct pressure from community activists and environmentalists calling for either their reform or outright abolition. | | | For the first time in human history almost universal institutions - the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) - were established to solve global economic problems. |
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http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/New_Global_Economy/Bretton_Woods_NI.html
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| | bretton woods agreement - The Financial Reference |
| | The Bretton Woods agreement and the institutions founded on it were set up in part to ease trade and payments concerns... | | | It was formed by the Bretton Woods agreements of 1944, which in the context of World War II, specified the US dollar as the universal... | | | It is a very powerful institution, formed by the Bretton Woods agreements, which has had a pivotal position in central banking since 1947 when it opened. |
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http://www.thefinancialreference.com/bretton-woods-agreement.html
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| | Bretton Woods - encyclopedia article about Bretton Woods. |
| | The 1944 Bretton Woods Conference resulting in the Bretton Woods Agreement that established the international Bretton Woods system The Bretton Woods system of international economic management established the rules for commercial and financial relations among the world's major industrial states. | | | The Bretton Woods system was the first example of a fully negotiated monetary order in world history intended to govern monetary relations among independent nation-states. | | | The resort town of Bretton Woods, New Hampshire Bretton Woods, New Hampshire is an area within the town of Carroll whose principal points of interest are three leisure and recreation facilities. |
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http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Bretton%20Woods
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| | CONFERENCE AT BRETTON WOODS |
| | United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference at Bretton Woods. | | | This Conference at Bretton Woods, representing nearly all the peoples of the world, has considered matters of international money and finance which are important for peace and prosperity. | | | The Conference has agreed on the powers and resources which the Bank must have and on the obligations which the member countries must assume, and has prepared draft Articles of Agreement accordingly. |
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http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1944/440722a.html
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| | The Bretton Woods Institutions |
| | The 'Articles of Agreement' of the IMF were drawn up in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference held in USA. | | | Known collectively as the Bretton Woods Institutions (BWIs), after the village in New Hampshire, USA, where they were founded by delegates of 44 nations in July 1944, the World Bank Group and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) are twin intergovernmental pillars supporting the structure of the world's economic and financial order. | | | South Africa is a member of the Africa Group 1 (English Speaking) constituency and has a permanent position of adviser, one of only two such posts for the constituency, to the Executive Director, representing that constituency on the Board. |
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http://www.dfa.gov.za/foreign/Multilateral/inter/bretton.htm
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| | Brief Notes on GATT, NAFTA, and Other Trade Agreements |
| | Initiated after WWII and generally known as the Breton Woods Agreement the most recent rounds of discussion are known as the “Uruguay Round” ended in 1994 and became GATT as it is known today. | | | Amendments in 1996 to the IMF charter have essentially covered most of the issues the MAI was to address. |
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http://spot.pcc.edu/~rwolf/Globalnotes.html
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| | Bretton Woods: Birth and Breakdown - Global Policy Forum - Social and Economic Policy |
| | The IMF Agreement that came out of Bretton Woods contained a scarce currency clause, which, as Keynes pointed out, "commits the US to finding a way out in the event of the balance of trade turning obstinately in its favour" (Moggeridge, p. | | | Moreover, the institutions of Bretton Woods were part of a planned global regulatory system for trade and finance. | | | Given that money had always been a symbol of political power, the incursion of Bretton Woods into state sovereignty was considerable. |
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http://www.globalpolicy.org/socecon/bwi-wto/2001/braithwa.htm
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| | Bretton Woods entry |
| | Though an attempt was made to save Bretton Woods in 1971 (the Smithsonian Agreement), by 1973 the inability to agree on par rates led to its collapse. | | | In July 1944, in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, representatives of 44 nations met to establish the standards by which international trade and finance would be conducted once the Second World War had ended. | | | For the developed countries, who continue to dominate trade and finance, the post Bretton Woods era has been a managed float within which currency prices are set primarily by market forces but central bank intervention still exists. |
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http://www.econ.tcu.edu/harvey/5133/bretton.html
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| | Bretton Woods |
| | Moreover, the US was unable to eliminate ever-increasing trade deficits, which undermined the Bretton Woods system. | | | As the Bretton Woods system evolved, the reserves of most countries became a mixture of gold and dollars. | | | Ever-increasing pressures in the 1960s culminated in the collapse of the Bretton Woods system in 1971, and it was reluctantly replaced with a regime of floating exchange rates. |
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http://www.econ.iastate.edu/classes/econ355/choi/bre.htm
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| | Encyclopedia4U - Bretton Woods Conference - Encyclopedia Article |
| | The Bretton Woods Agreements of 1944 and 1945 established the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (or World Bank) and the International Monetary Fund. | | | The United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference was held in July 1944 at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire. | | | The organizations became operational in 1946 after a sufficient number of countries had ratified the agreement. |
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http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/b/bretton-woods-conference.html
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| | Trade - encyclopedia article about Trade. |
| | During the war, in 1944, 44 countries signed the Bretton Woods Agreement, intended to prevent national trade barriers, to avoid depressions. | | | In 1947, 23 countries agreed to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade to promote free trade. | | | January 11995 World Trade Organization was created to facilitate free trade, by mandating mutual most favoured nation trading status between all signatories. |
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http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/trade
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| | banking - Columbia Encyclopedia® article about banking |
| | Plans were laid at the Bretton Woods Conference (1944) for the formation of a world bank; it was formally organized in 1945, when 28 countries ratified the agreement; there are now 183 members. | | | It was planned at the Bretton Woods Conference (1944), and its headquarters are in Washington, D.C. There is close collaboration between it and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. | | | The discharge of debts between nations has been simplified and facilitated through the International Monetary Fund International Monetary Fund (IMF), specialized agency of the United Nations, established in 1945. |
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http://columbia.thefreedictionary.com/banking
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| | General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | GATT was created by the Bretton Woods meetings that took place in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, in 1944, setting out a plan for economic recovery after World War II, by encouraging reduction in tariffs and other international trade barriers. | | | In general, each of these agreements bound the members to reduce certain tariffs, with many special-case treatments of individual products, and in many cases with exceptions and modifications for each country. | | | General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (typically abbreviated GATT) functioned as the precursor to the World Trade Organization trading system. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade
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| | Articles - Trade |
| | During the war, in 1944, 44 countries signed the Bretton Woods Agreement, intended to prevent national trade barriers, to avoid depressions. | | | In 1947, 23 countries agreed to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade to promote free trade. | | | Agricultural subsidies are the most significant issue upon which agreement has been hardest to negotiate. |
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http://www.cworkz.com/articles/Trade
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| | North American Free Trade Agreement -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia |
| | Among these are: the Atlantic Charter (1941), the Bretton Woods Agreements (1944), the Yalta Declaration (1945), the North Atlantic Treaty (1949), the ANZUS Treaty (1951), the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty (SEATO, 1954), the Warsaw Pact... | | | Discusses about the formation and role of World Trade Organization, North American Free Trade Agreement, and General Agreement on Trade and Tariff. | | | In a dramatic close to the year, the seven-year negotiations in the Uruguay round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) came to a successful conclusion on December 15, just in time to meet the deadline firmly set by GATT Director-General Peter Sutherland and needed for "fast track" ratification by the U.S. Congress. |
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http://www.britannica.com/ebi/article-9312742
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| | North American Free Trade Agreement -- Encyclopædia Britannica |
| | Among these are: the Atlantic Charter (1941), the Bretton Woods Agreements (1944), the Yalta Declaration (1945), the North Atlantic Treaty (1949), the ANZUS Treaty (1951), the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty (SEATO, 1954), the Warsaw Pact... | | | Discusses about the formation and role of World Trade Organization, North American Free Trade Agreement, and General Agreement on Trade and Tariff. | | | In 1992, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States. |
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http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9002251?tocId=9002251
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| | IISD - Trade and Sustainable Development |
| | The Agreement was originally part of a draft charter for an International Trade Organization, the third leg of the Bretton-Woods post-war order, along with the IMF and the World Bank. | | | The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was drawn up by 23 countries in 1948. | | | The "Havana Charter" of the ITO contained not only the GATT, which governed trade, but also wide-ranging rules relating to employment, commodity agreements, restrictive business practices, international investment, and services. |
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http://www.iisd.org/trade/wto/gatt.htm
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| | Bretton Woods entry |
| | Though an attempt was made to save Bretton Woods in 1971 (the Smithsonian Agreement), by 1973 the inability to agree on par rates led to its collapse. | | | Bretton Woods was certainly not the only reason for this "miracle," especially in light of the fact that not all of its provisions (in particular, the convertibility obligations) were in full force until 1958 and that the impact of U.S. policy, especially the Marshall Plan, was undoubtedly greater than that of the World Bank. | | | In July 1944, in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, representatives of 44 nations met to establish the standards by which international trade and finance would be conducted once the Second World War had ended. |
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http://www.econ.tcu.edu/harvey/5133/bretton.html
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| | Benjamin J. Cohen, Bretton Woods System |
| | The Bretton Woods system is commonly understood to refer to the international monetary regime that prevailed from the end of World War II until the early 1970s. | | | The conference that gave birth to the system, held in the Amrican resort village of Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, was the culmination of some two and a half years of planning for postwar monetary reconstruction by the Treasuries of the United Kingdom and the United States. | | | Though multilateral in formal design, therefore, the Bretton Woods system in practice quickly became synonymous with a hegemonic monetary regime centered on the dollar, much in the same manner as the classical gold standard of the nineteenth century had come to be centered on Britain's pound sterling. |
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http://www.polsci.ucsb.edu/faculty/cohen/inpress/bretton.html
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