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| | MSN Encarta - Atlantic Slave Trade |
 | | Ending the Atlantic slave trade was a long process that involved changing economic circumstances and rising humanitarian concerns. | | | Europeans examined slaves; Africans looked over merchandise; and then the parties haggled to set the values of each. | | | They would use the profits from these sales to purchase more goods to trade in Africa, continuing the trading cycle. |
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http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761595721_2/Atlantic_Slave_Trade.html
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| | The Slave Trade |
| | In December 1806 a bill abolishing the slave trade was submitted to the Committee of the Whole for debate and amendment. | | | Slaves were technically merchandise, however unfortunate that classification may be, and were therefore within Congress' power to tax. | | | Debated whether captured slaves were legally defined as merchandise, and if their status as human being was primary or secondary. |
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http://www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/slave.htm
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| | The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade: a Forgotten Crime Against Humanity |
| | The Trans-Atlantic slave trade comprised of a series of transactions in which individuals and governments of the international community benefited from the sale of other humans' lives. | | | This crime, even in the presence of modern treaties, statutes, and international recognition, has yet to bring those entities to account for their participation in the Trans-Atlantic slave trade. | | | Thus, all slavers, slave-owners, monarchs and other participants who actually branded or supplied such materials with the knowledge that such materials would be used as tools for branding are criminally liable under Article 5. |
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http://academic.udayton.edu/race/02rights/slavery05.htm
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| | Atlantic slave trade - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Falling prices for the commodities produced by slave labour such as sugar and coffee can be easily discounted as evidence shows that a fall in price leads to great increases in demand and actually increases total profits for the importers. | | | Britain used every tool at its disposal to try to induce these nations to follow its lead. | | | The slave trade was part of the triangular Atlantic trade, which was probably the most important and profitable trading route in the world. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade
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| | The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade And Ghana |
| | The Trans Atlantic Slave Trade, however, was the most organised, and it profited its European and African counterparts a great | | | supplied 12.1% of total Atlantic trade (Perbi 1995). | | | In the total English trade, Ghana supplied 18.4% between 1690 and 1807. |
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http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/slavery/ghana.htm
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| | Goree and the Atlantic Slave Trade |
| | I am a little disturbed by the trend of the discussion about Goree, and even by a recent posting that averred that on balance (the phrase used) Curtin's contribution was positive. | | | Editor's Note: Although I am unable to provide the context in which Professor Curtin drafted these comments, they clearly raise important issues for historians and humanities concerned with Africa. | | | Slaves were not kept in traders' houses in any event. |
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http://www.h-net.org/~africa/threads/goree.html
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| | African slave trade - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Great Britain's existing colonies in the Lesser Antilles and their effective naval control of the Mid Atlantic forced other countries to abandon their enterprises due to inefficiency in cost. | | | See also Atlantic slave trade for the trans-Atlantic trade, and Islamic slave trade for the trans-Saharan trade. | | | While, often, no one disputes the harm done to the slaves themselves, the effects of the trade on African societies are much debated due to the apparent massive wealth black Africans were making by selling their own enslaved people to the more profitable Europeans. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_trade
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| | HIAF 403: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade |
| | Discussion Topic: What was the nature of European-African trading relations before the onset of the Atlantic Slave Trade? | | | How did they view Europeans and how did these views encourage or discourage slave trading? | | | Was the Atlantic Slave Trade a function of economics or race? |
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http://www.artsci.wustl.edu/~rtvinson/1051.htm
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| | New Georgia Encyclopedia: Atlantic Slave Trade to Savannah |
| | Certain features within the NGE site require the use of JavaScript, and your browser doesn't appear to be supporting it. | | | During the American Revolution, the Continental Congress's nonimportation agreement of 1775, which banned all slave trade, disrupted the Atlantic trade to Savannah. | | | The Liverpool trade replaced the defunct Royal African Company, which operated from the port of London from 1672 to 1752. |
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http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-686
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| | Timeline: The Atlantic Slave Trade |
| | British cruisers are authorized to arrest suspected Spanish slavers and bring them before mixed commissions established at Sierra Leone and Havana. | | | U.S. Congress passes legislation stiffening provisions against American participation in the slave trade. | | | U.S. passes legislation banning slave trade, to take effect 1808. |
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http://amistad.mysticseaport.org/timeline/atlantic.slave.trade.html
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| | The Atlantic Slave Trade |
| | Despite such trends, however, the field has been lacking a solid textbook that would provide students early in their academic careers with an introduction to the topic. | | | He makes the most of his method by using primarily recent scholarship and sources that have been generating a certain degree of interest in historical circles, thereby giving his survey a sense of currency. | | | Chapter four, which may be of particular interest to readers of this list-serve, outlines some of the economic implications of the trade for the world economy as well as for European and African merchants. |
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http://www.eh.net/bookreviews/library/0829.shtml
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| | Wonders of the African World - Episodes - Slave Kingdoms |
| | Since most West African societies did not recognize private property in land, slaves functioned as one of the only profitable means of production individuals could own. | | | The cycle of slavery was perpetual; children of slaves would, by default, also be slaves. | | | And some African elites, such as those in the Dahomey and Ashanti empires, took advantage of this control and used it to their profit by enslaving and selling other Africans to European traders. |
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http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi3/slave_2.htm
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| | The Story of Africa BBC World Service |
| | Many of these transactions were conducted in the market place. | | | Listen to Shaibu Inusah on the trade in Salaga | | | "Slaves were the most important commodity as opposed to other commodities like salt and other mercantile goods that were brought from the south. |
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http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/9chapter4.shtml
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| | BBC News AFRICA Focus on the slave trade |
| | Slavery created and then relied on a large support network of shipping services, ports, and finance and insurance companies. | | | The slaves were then sold for huge profits in the Americas. | | | Britain banned the slave trade in 1807 but a fierce debate in the United States, which stoked civil war between the abolitionist northern states and the pro-slavery south, delayed a unified resolution. |
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http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1523100.stm
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| | African American Odyssey: Slavery--The Peculiar Institution (Part 1) |
| | An Account of Some of the Principal Slave Insurrections. | | | The best known of the triangular trades included the transportation of manufactured goods from Europe to Africa, where they were traded for slaves. | | | Many abolitionists like Joshua Coffin argued that the existence of slavery in the United States constituted a real threat to public peace and security. |
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http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aopart1.html
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| | Afrikan Involvement In Atlantic Slave Trade |
| | The cold reality, Afrikans controlled the capture of other Afrikans, initiated several wars and raiding parties to secure captives, set prices for buyers and even extended credit to Europeans for the purchase of Afrikans. | | | Several Afrikan nations such as the Ashanti of Ghana and the Yoruba of Nigeria had economies depended solely on the trade. | | | Though this effort concentrated on the Afrikan involvement in the slave trade, by no means does it dismiss the European role in the most traumatic, brutal, oppressive event in human history. |
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http://www.africawithin.com/kwaku/afrikan_involvement.htm
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| | Atlantic Slave Trade |
| | It gives you a short paragraph about what the Atlantic Slave Trade was and when it occurred. | | | After a very brief idea of what it was there is a timeline that seems to be based on what countries tried to do to stop the trading. | | | Of course, ABC News.com is a wonderful site over all, but what is posted on the Atlantic Slave Trade is not all that much. |
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http://northonline.sccd.ctc.edu/earlyus/_disc51/000003f4.htm
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| | Atlantic Slave Trade |
| | This shows the account of the Atlantic Slave Trade in the form of a timeline. | | | The timeline is actually a part of a site about the ship, Amistad. | | | It is an interesting site, but does not provide for to much detailed information on the Atlantic Slave Trade. |
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http://northonline.sccd.ctc.edu/earlyus/_disc51/000003f6.htm
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| | Atlantic Slave Trade |
| | J. Inikori has argued for a higher total of 15 million, based on research showing 2,365,014 imported 1750-1807 rather than Curtin's 1,616,100. | | | Philip D. Curtin has estimated that 241,400 slaves were imported into the Americas in the 16th century, 1,341,100 in the 17th century, 6,051, 700 in the 18th century, and 1,898,400 between 1810 and 1870, for a total of 9,566,100. | | | Amazing Grace by Bill Moyers (PBS, 1993) described the slave trade origins of the song, beginning with John Newton who was active in the Guinea coast trade 1745-54 and kept a daily journal. |
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http://history.acusd.edu/gen/civilwar/03/slavetrade.html
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| | African Slave System |
| | British merchants became involved in the trade and eventually dominated the market. | | | However, the demand for slaves become so great that raiding parties were organised to obtain young Africans. | | | The slaves are commonly secured by putting the right leg of one, and the left of another into the same pair of fetters. |
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http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USASafrica.htm
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| | Thoughts on the Atlantic Slave Trade |
| | Certainly no Elesin Oba would ever cease to be regarded as a human being, even if he is terribly disadvantaged in any matter. | | | Rather it is to establish that there is nothing inherent in Yoruba culture that people should sell their own people for money and materials. | | | The word “slave” is not used but is the only one that accurately describes the traditional relationship between these two peoples. |
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http://www.westafricareview.com/vol1.2/vol1.2a/naallah.html
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| | Exploring Africa -> Students-> African History-> The Atlantic Slave Trade |
| | France, Holland, and the United States soon thereafter passed legislation banning the slave trade. | | | Europeans had become involved in this trade and developed a strong demand for gold in their economy. | | | Europeans had been involved in trade with Africa since before the Atlantic Slave Trade began. |
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http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/curriculum/lm7/B/stu_7Bactivityone.html
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| | The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade |
| | During the eighteenth century however, when the slave trade accounted for the transport of a staggering 6 million Africans, Britain was the worst transgressor - responsible for almost 2.5 million. | | | It is estimated that during the 4 1/2 centuries of the trans-Atlantic slave trade, Portugal was responsible for transporting over 4.5 million Africans (roughly 40% of the total). |
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http://www.capoeira.co.za/index_files/arta1.htm
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| | The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade |
| | Although scholars vary on their interpretations of and orientations to the problem, most recognize a dynamic of retention and adaptation by Africans of their cultures inthe Diaspora. | | | The European colonial enterprise was firmly based on African slavery, and historians have long acknowledged that the very creation of Capitalism as an economic system was inextricably intertwined with the trans-Atlantic slave trade and the wealth generated by the slave trade and the labor of those enslaved peoples. | | | Scholars who study the black societies, cultural expressions, and political ideologies that formed and reformed in dynamic processes over the centuries of slavery and after emancipation, are sometimes struck by core similarities among the peoples of the black Atlantic world, and they are sometimes concerned with the variations and differences between these peoples. |
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http://www.unc.edu/depts/afriafam/AnniversaryConference/baw.htm
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| | Slavery and the Slave Trade |
| | Slavery and the slave trade are prodigious historical processes to study in a one-quarter course. | | | Thomas and R. Bean, "The Fishers of Men: The Profits of the Slave Trade" Journal of Economic History 34,4 (1974), 885-914. | | | The emphasis in this course is to understand some of the historiographical debates concerning slavery on both sides of the Atlantic and the slave trade which united them economically. |
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http://jhunix.hcf.jhu.edu/~plarson/syllabi/others/saslave.html
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| | The Scourge of Slavery |
| | Century against the slave trade ranks as one of the most extraordinary and unselfish applications of national policy ever seen in the history of nations. | | | Century, between 1519 and 1815 Europe also joined in this trade in human flesh. And it was those European nations which had suffered the most at the hands of Muslim slave raiders, and under centuries of Muslim military occupation, Spain and Portugal, who dominated the European slave trade. | | | The Anti-Slavery Reporter estimated the Muslim slave trade as exporting 63000 slaves per year. Some estimates went as high as 500000 slaves exported in a single year. |
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http://www.christianaction.org.za/articles_ca/2004-4-TheScourgeofSlavery.htm
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| | African Timelines Part III: African Slave Trade & European Imperialism |
| | Earlier trade routes were now reoriented from the Sahara to the seacoast, and as the states of the savanna declined in economic importance, states along the coast increased their wealth and power. | | | In the Diaspora this process included attempts to alienate enslaved Africans from their natal context by such means as separating those from the same ethnic groups, renaming them with slave names, and removing African instruments such as drums from their midst for fear that they would be used to communicate. | | | African slave trade and slave labor transformed the world. |
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http://web.cocc.edu/cagatucci/classes/hum211/timelines/htimeline3.htm
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| | UWEC geography 111 Vogeler - West African Slave Trade Map |
| | In response to this new form of slavery, the US Congress passed in 2000 the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act, which protects slaves against their former owners. | | | Estimate the number of slaves that were brought to the southern United States and to all of the Caribbean islands from 1701 and 1810. | | | During this era, a total of 6 million slaves were transferred. |
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http://www.uwec.edu/geography/Ivogeler/w111/slaves.htm
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| | Ama A Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade |
| | So, by the project’s end Ama had begun a new journey; she had convinced almost all students that reparations is not about whether or not, but rather in what inclusive form. | | | Every year Dagomba warriors set out to hunt for Konkomba to deliver to Kumase. | | | Ama, who is the eponymous heroine acting among historical characters and events, introduced 13 male and 17 female students from ethnically diverse backgrounds to difficult issues raised in the project. |
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http://www.nathanielturner.com/amastoryofatlanticslavetrade.htm
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| | Bibliography: Gender and the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade |
| | "Slaves, Igbo Women and Palm Oil in the Nineteenth Century." (Unpublished paper, Symposium: The End of the Atlantic Slave Trade: Its Impact on Africa, 17-18 April 1993, Centre of Commonwealth Studies, University of Stirling) | | | "Fluctuations in Sex and Age Ratios in the Transatlantic Slave Trade, 1664-1864." Journal of Economic History 46, 2 (1993): 308-323. | | | Inikori, Joseph E. "Export versus Domestic Demand: The Determinants of Sex Ratios in the Transatlantic Slave Trade." Research in Economic History 14 (1992): 117-166. |
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http://cti.itc.virginia.edu/~roots/site/gender/beck.html
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| | HST 388: Africans and the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade |
| | Bibliography of primary materials (and some secondary) dealing with the slave trade and its abolition. | | | The items in this bibliography can help you find additional information for your research. | | | Also check the primary sources available on Reserve in Odegaard Undergraduate Library. |
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http://www.lib.washington.edu/subject/History/bi/hst388-africa
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| | Slavery in America |
| | Nothing in the past, however, equaled the Atlantic slave trade in size or in the extent and depth of its impact on the world. | | | Importantly, the practice of slavery had been in operation in Africa and in central Europe for centuries prior to the redirection of the trade to the Americas. | | | Only in North America did the slave population reproduce itself, with individuals having a life expectancy equal to that of the white population. |
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http://www.slaveryinamerica.org/geography/slave_trade.htm
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| | Slavery Images |
| | This collection is envisioned as a tool and a resource that can be used by teachers, researchers, students, and the general public - in brief, anyone interested in the experiences of Africans who were enslaved and transported to the Americas and the lives of their descendants in the slave societies of the New World. | | | The thousand images in this collection have been selected from a wide range of sources, most of them dating from the period of slavery. | | | It must be emphasized that little effort is made to interpret the images and establish the historical authenticity or accuracy of what they display. |
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http://hitchcock.itc.virginia.edu/Slavery
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| | Atlantic History Seminar Slave Trade Workshop |
| | This compilation, now in machine-readable form to be published on CD-ROM by the Cambridge University Press, is the product of a team of scholars—David Eltis of Queens University, Canada, David Richardson of Hull University, England, Herbert Klein of Columbia University, and Stephen Behrendt, now at the University of Victoria, New Zealand. | | | This two-day Workshop was devoted to analysis and interpretation of the Atlantic slave trade, focused on the new database of 27,224 slave voyages, 1562-1867, compiled under the sponsorship of the W.E.B. Du Bois Institute at Harvard University. | | | The data set, representing voyages by all the major transatlantic carriers, covers approximately two-thirds of all voyages in the history of the trade and includes characteristics of the vessels, numbers of slaves, ports of departure and arrival, crew size, and other significant variables. |
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http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~atlantic/sltrprog.html
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| | Ama, A Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade |
| | andnbsp;the holocaust which was the Atlantic slave trade has in some way | | | Never has (the story of the Atlantic Slave Trade) been so | | | Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade, Africa, Slave Trade, Slavery, Atlantic |
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http://www.ama.africatoday.com
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| | Juneteenth.com - The Middle Passage - Tom Feelings |
| | Nowhere in the annals of history has a people experienced such a long and traumatic ordeal as Africans during the Atlantic slave trade. | | | Although there is no way to compute exactly how many people perished, it has been estimated that between thirty and sixty million Africans were subjected to this horrendous triangular trade system and that only one third-if that-of those people survived...' | | | Over the nearly four centuries of the slave - which continued until the end of the Civil War - millions of African men, women, and children were savagely torn from their homeland, herded onto ships, and dispersed all over the so-called New World. |
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http://www.juneteenth.com/middlep.htm
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| | Essential America : Chapter 2 Topic |
| | Consider the slave trade as a component of the North Atlantic trade triangle by linking to: | | | The trans-Atlantic slave trade brought millions of Africans to the Americas. | | | How did they survive the slave ship and the Middle Passage? |
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http://www.wwnorton.com/eamerica/ch2/topic.htm
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