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| | Poverty in the United States - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | For these families poverty thresholds were set at three times the cost of the economy food plan. | | | Thresholds for non-farm families were tied to annual changes in the Consumer Price Index (CPI) rather than changes in the cost of the economy food plan. | | | According to the panel's recommended measure, income would include, in addition to money received, the value of noncash benefits such as food stamps, school lunches and public housing that can be used to satisfy basic needs. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States
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| | Is There Such a Thing as an Absolute Poverty Line Over Time? Evidence from the United States, Britain, Canada, and ... |
| | Poverty lines and minimum subsistence budgets before World War I were, in constant dollars, generally in the range of 43 percent to 54 percent of Orshansky's poverty threshold. | | | As with the Ornati and Appelbaum budgets, the budgets and poverty lines discussed in that paper were all conceptually derived as "absolute" poverty lines, without any reference to the income distribution as a whole. | | | In terms of updating, an absolute poverty line is one which is updated for price changes only, while a relative poverty line is one which is updated for changes in the median or mean income or consumption of the general population. |
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http://www.census.gov/hhes/poverty/povmeas/papers/elastap4.html
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| | Poverty in the United States, by Isabel V. Sawhill: The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics: Library of Economics and ... |
| | These official figures represent the number of people whose annual family income is less than an absolute "poverty line" developed by the federal government in the midsixties. | | | For example, official poverty figures take no account of the value of noncash government transfers like food stamps and housing vouchers, which serve as income for certain purchases. | | | The Census Bureau estimates that if the net imputed return on equity in owner-occupied housing were included in income, the poverty rate would have been 1.2 percentage points lower in 1990. |
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http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/PovertyintheUnitedStates.html
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| | SurfWax -- News and Articles On Absolute Poverty |
| | Absolute poverty levels had decreased, illiteracy rates had fallen, and, from 1997 to 2003, the countrys gross domestic product (GDP) had grown some 8 per cent. | | | Absolute poverty (the percentage of households earning less than $90 of real income) increased from 20 percent in 1995 to 28 percent in 2000 [8. | | | Absolute poverty is defined as earning less than the minimum amount of money necessary to live (Chosun Ilbo, South Korea) |
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http://economics.surfwax.com/files/Absolute_Poverty.html
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| | Poverty Measures - Canadian Social Research Links |
| | Absolute measures of poverty compare household income with the cost of a basket of specific goods and services. | | | In my view, absolute poverty measures may be an appropriate benchmark for undeveloped countries, but Canada and other industrialized nations should be more concerned about measuring social inclusion and income inequality (i.e., relative measures) than the contents and generosity of a market basket of goods (absolute measures). | | | A national, self-supporting, non-profit organization, the CCSD's main product is information and its main activity is research, focussing on concerns such as income security, employment, poverty, child welfare, pensions and government social policies. |
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http://www.canadiansocialresearch.net/poverty.htm
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| | Bourgignon: Absolute poverty, relative deprivation and social exclusion |
| | Other analysts prefer defining the poverty line in relative terms as some proportion of the mean or the median income in the country under analysis. | | | Most international organizations define the poverty line in an absolute way as the level of income necessary for people to buy the goods necessary to their survival. | | | Permanent relative poverty is a situation where some individuals in society have simply no chance of ever having an income larger than some limited proportion of the mean or median income of society. |
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http://www.dse.de/ef/poverty/bourgign.htm
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| | China Says Absolute Poverty is Eliminated, But
Millions Are Grindingly Poor - Global Policy Forum - Social and ... |
| | The Chinese government spent 24.8 billion yuan (3 billion dollars) on poverty alleviation in 1999, 30 times more than in 1980, the official said. | | | In 1994, the central government mandated that poverty be eradicated by the year 2000, and through "hard work and huge investment" the government had succeeded, Gao said. | | | Under Beijing's definitions that means almost none across the vast country with a population of 1.13 billion has an annual income of less than 635 yuan (77 dollars). |
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http://www.globalpolicy.org/socecon/develop/2000/1117chn.htm
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| | Targeting the end of absolute poverty: trends in development cooperation |
| | Fostering partnership and ownership and fundamentally reorienting spending and attention towards those in absolute poverty are not easy options. | | | Novib point out that these export promotion programmes funded from aid budgets should not be supply led – but should aim to stimulate poverty reduction. | | | Three years after governments agreed that poverty could be eradicated, DAC members have failed to find the additional US$20 billion a year needed to lift more than a billion people out of poverty and contribute to universal provision of basic social services. |
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http://www.devinit.org/realityofaid/poverty.htm
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| | Tutor2u - Poverty - Measuring Poverty |
| | Although living standards and real incomes have grown because of higher employment and sustained economic growth over recent years, the gains in income and wealth have been unevenly distributed across the population. | | | There has been a structural shift towards indirect taxes in recent years including higher rates of value added tax and higher excise duties on petrol, alcohol and cigarettes. | | | Some economists argue that these tax changes have also worsened relative poverty. |
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http://www.tutor2u.net/economics/content/topics/poverty/measuring_poverty.htm
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| | Britain: New report finds over five million live in absolute poverty |
| | The report indicates that the growth of social inequality, which accelerated under the Conservative governments from 1979 to 1997, has continued unabated under Labour. | | | In the survey, nine percent of UK households reported that their income fell "a lot" below what was required each week to keep them out of absolute poverty. | | | However, the UNICEF report warned that far from reducing deprivation, some of the government's social policies would lead to increases in child poverty in Britain: "Cuts in lone parent benefit and other changes will mean that one in six children in the poorest tenth of the population will see their household incomes fall.” |
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http://www.wsws.org/articles/2001/apr2001/pov-a02.shtml
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| | Measurement of absolute poverty |
| | Among income thresholds that have been applied are the social assistance norms in EU countries and variants of them, the US Poverty Standard and the Experimental US Poverty standard and subjective thresholds derived from the ECHP. | | | it reviewed the theory of absolute poverty lines based on minimum income schemes and applying those minima to the European Community Household Panel Survey. | | | The project resulted in four working papers, the forth of which reviews the potential for absolute poverty standards and makes recommendations for further work. |
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http://www.york.ac.uk/inst/spru/research/summs/measpov.htm
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| | Can high-inequality developing countries escape absolute poverty? |
| | Assume a growth process in which all levels of income grow at roughly the same rate. | | | A number of recent studies suggest that growth in average incomes typically reduces absolute income poverty. | | | The first is that higher inequality may entail a lower subsequent rate of growth in average income, and hence (it is argued) lower rate of progress in reducing absolute poverty. |
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http://www.worldbank.org/research/peg/wps11/
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| | CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Year of Jubilee (Hebrew) |
| | The legislation concerning the year of Jubilee is found in Leviticus, xxv, 8-54, and xxvii, 16-24. | | | Hence, among the ancient Hebrews, the transfer of property was not, properly speaking, the sale of the land but of its produce for a certain number of years, and the price was fixed according to the number of years which intervened between tbe year of the sale and that of the next year of jubilee. | | | The object of this law, as well as of the two following, is most commendable, as by it the poor and all those who, mainly on account of poverty, do not actually own any land, are hereby provided for, not only for a whole year every seven years, but also in every fiftieth year. |
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http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08534a.htm
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| | Absolute and Relative Poverty |
| | The evidence suggests that the level of income measured by both poverty lines is unquestionable meagre in a regulated society. | | | Study, which has looked at the cost of a modest-but-adequate lifestyle suggests that the 13-14 millions people who are living in poverty according to either definition are forgoing many of the things which are taken for granted. | | | Here we draw on two different measures of poverty, Low Income Families (LIF) and Households Below Average Income (HBAI). |
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http://www.coursework.info/i/2698.html
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| | Poverty - Poverty |
| | The proposed framework, which has been discussed by the boards of the Bank and IMF, is a forward-looking approach that will involve conducting a more systemic analysis of borrowing countries ability to repay debt before loans are approved. | | | Jan 29, 2004 -- These publications assess how the World Bank Group works with others to help countries move towards the vision of poverty reduction embodied in the Millennium Development Goals and the Monterrey Consensus. | | | Oct 3, 2004àâӈSaying that eradication of poverty is central to global stability and peace, World Bank Group President James D. Wolfensohn today issued an urgent call to action to make the planet more equitable and safe, through the three pillars of poverty reduction, environmental stewardship, and education of the youth of the world. |
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http://www.worldbank.org/poverty/
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| | Action needed now to confront wealth gap |
| | But, as the country's market-orientated reforms further deepened in recent years, the benefits of robust economic growth have not been shared by all in society. | | | An expanding economy has delivered a better life to most Chinese people since the country initiated reforms and opened to the outside world a quarter of a century ago. | | | Even though the past year of 2004 appears a good one for the country's some 800 million farmers thanks to a substantial recovery in grain prices, it is still too early to claim that a turning point has come in narrowing the income gap between rural and urban areas. |
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http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-01/11/content_407773.htm
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| | Relative or Absolute Poverty Lines: A New Approach |
| | When measuring poverty over time analysts must choose the value of the income elacticity of the poverty line. | | | Borrowing from the life-style and deprivation approach to poverty various dimensions of poverty and deprivation are identified and the income elasticity of these items is used as the income elasticity of the poverty line. | | | The choice of this paremeter is ultimately a value judgement but this paper suggests an approach which has some empirical basis. |
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http://ideas.repec.org/p/fth/dublec/99-9.html
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| | absolute on Encyclopedia.com |
| | Striking a balance: absolute and relative accuracy within a utility GIS.(Mapping) | | | As a substantive, the absolute is the ultimate basis of reality, the principle underlying the universe. | | | Philosophically, it may be considered as the unknowable, the thing-in-itself; as that ultimate nonrelative that is the basis of all relation; as the ultimate, all-comprehensive principle in which all differences and distinctions are merged. |
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http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/a1/absolute.asp
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| | Can High Inequality Developing Countries Escape Absolute Poverty? |
| | The full report is available on the World Bank FTP server | | | This paper - a product of the Poverty and Human Resources Division, Policy Research Department - is part of a larger effort in the department to understand why some economies do better than others in reducing poverty. | | | The precision with which key parameters have been estimated makes it difficult to say with confidence how common such cases are, but they appear to be in the minority. |
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http://www.eldis.org/static/DOC3848.htm
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| | William of Ockham [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy] |
| | The result of this line of reasoning is the absolute subjectivity of all concepts and universals and the limitation of knowledge to the mind and its concepts-although these are real entities because of their subjective existence in the mind, reproducing the actual according to the constitution of the mind. | | | As to his unbounded power and absolute will, Ockham distinguishes potentia absolute and potentia ordinate, the two being, however, only different modes of considering a power which is essentially one. | | | If not by strict syllogistic deduction, then " by authority and reason." In the same sort of way, the infinity of God is confirmed. |
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http://www.iep.utm.edu/o/ockham.htm
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| | People in Absolute Poverty |
| | Absolute Poverty figures presented in bold face indicate total estimates. | | | The countries in the table were selected using the following criteria: Any country having a population of at least 1 million and classified in the 1995 Human Development Report as a developing country. | | | Absolute Poverty figures presented in non-bold indicate rural-only estimates. |
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http://www.persocom.com.br/partners/sumpover.htm
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| | Encyclopedia4U - Absolute poverty - Encyclopedia Article |
| | The term "Absolute poverty" is perhaps slightly misleading, since there is no "absolute" standard that defines absolute poverty: the level of income necessary for these minimum standards is often referred to as the poverty line, which various institutions and individuals define differently. | | | Absolute poverty can be contrasted with relative poverty which is a poor standard of living relative to the rest of society. | | | Absolute poverty is a level of poverty at which certain minimum standards -- for example for nutrition, health and shelter -- cannot be met. |
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http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/a/absolute-poverty.html
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| | St. Francis of Assisi |
| | Communities of Friars Minor which separated from the Order | | | The Fraticelli, who held the heresy of Absolute Poverty, c/o the Catholic Encyclopedia |
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http://www.franciscan-archive.org/patriarcha/
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