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| | Economics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | John Maynard Keynes once remarked that "Economics is the science of thinking."{See Keynes, Moggridge1976 p.28.} Broadly, the history of the study moved from the study of "wealth" to "<<b>bb>>welfareb>bb>>" to the idea of studying trade-offs. | | | Economics (from the Greek οίκος [oikos], 'family, household, estate', and νομος [nomos], 'custom, law', hence "household management" and "management of the state") is a social science that typically studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. | | | Microeconomics, which examines the economic behaviour of individual actors such as businesses, households, and individuals, with a view to understand decision making in the face of scarcity and the consequences of these decisions. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics
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| | University of Chicago: Department of Economics |
| | Recent Research: Long term factors in American economic growth with special emphasis on the use of intergenerational data sets to establish the relationship between the past and current behavior of households; economics of mortality in North America; long-term changes in nutrition, labor <<b>bb>>welfareb>bb>>, and labor productivity; economics and biodemography of aging; economic growth in China. | | | Recent Research: Resources and environment; urban economics and regional economics; agriculture and development; monetary economics; tax and tax policy; finance. | | | Recent Research: The economics of sports; education and labor markets. |
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http://economics.uchicago.edu/faculty.shtml
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| | Equity (economics) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Equity in economics is related to the idea of fairness, particularly in terms of taxation and <<b>bb>>welfareb>bb>> economics. | | | Horizontal equity is the idea that people with a similar ability to pay taxes should pay the same or similar amounts. | | | Vertical equity is the idea that people with a greater ability to pay taxes should pay more. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_(economics)
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| | <<b>bb>>Welfareb>bb>> - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | <<b>bb>>Welfareb>bb>> economics, in economics, associated with material benefit or preferred outcomes; see also social <<b>bb>>welfareb>bb>> function | | | <<b>bb>>Welfareb>bb>> (financial aid), financial assistance paid by the government | | | Social <<b>bb>>welfareb>bb>>, in social policy, refers to the range of services intended to meet people's needs |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare
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| | The Effects of Economic Conditions And Access to Reproductive Health Services On State Abortion Rates and Birthrates |
| | Economic resources such as higher wages for men and women and generous <<b>bb>>welfareb>bb>> benefits are significantly and consistently related to increased birthrates; however, even a 10% cut in public assistance benefits would result in only one birth fewer for every 212 women on <<b>bb>>welfareb>bb>>. | | | The analysis is based on an economic model in which the behavior leading to pregnancy and to pregnant women's decisions on whether to carry the pregnancy to term depends on the women's resources, direct costs, opportunity costs, attitudes and preferences for children. | | | We also assume that women's preferences are constrained by their available time and economic resources, the availability and costs of alternative reproductive health services, and the time and financial requirements of raising children and producing household commodities. |
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http://www.agi-usa.org/pubs/journals/2905297.html
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| | Malthus Fades From Economic Thought |
| | Early in the Economics of <<b>bb>>Welfareb>bb>>, Pigou, relying on Marshall’s analysis and recent studies, devoted a short chapter to the population doctrine in which he “disproves the suggestion” that improvements in the economic <<b>bb>>welfareb>bb>> of wage-earners will be neutralized by an expansion of population. | | | In a fragment on capital intended to be part of The Principles of Economics (1905), Jevons suggested that parental decisions to have children and spend for their education and up-bringing was regulated by the laws of consumer choice. | | | Any possible reductions in costs were likely to be offset by rising costs of raw produce: “[T]here are few commodities which are not more or less affected in their price by the rise of raw produce” (1951, 117). |
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http://www.suu.edu/faculty/bowman/Econ3790/MalthusFadesFromEconomics.htm
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| | Economics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | John Maynard Keynes once remarked that "Economics is the science of thinking." Broadly the history of the study moved from the study of "wealth" to "<<b>bb>>welfareb>bb>>" to the idea studying trade-offs. | | | Economics, which focuses on measurable variables, is broadly divided into two main branches: microeconomics, which deals with individual agents, such as households and businesses, and macroeconomics, which considers the economy as a whole, in which case it considers aggregate supply and demand for money, capital and commodities. | | | Both "economy" and "economics" are derived from the Greek oikos- for "house" or "settlement", and nomos for "laws" or "norms". |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics
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| | Inflation, by David Ranson: The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics: Library of Economics and Liberty |
| | Economic losses associated with the inflation tax and other distortions are known as the "<<b>bb>>welfareb>bb>> cost of inflation." At one extreme of the debate, Harvard economist Martin Feldstein has claimed that the present value of the losses that result from unending inflation may be infinite! | | | Economists who view inflation as a very serious problem point to what they call the "inflation tax." By this they mean the reduction in the purchasing power of the cash balances held by the private sector—like a wealth tax. | | | Inflation is the loss in purchasing power of a currency unit such as the dollar, usually expressed as a general rise in the prices of goods and services. |
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http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/Inflation.html
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| | Socialism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Conversely, Chinese economic reform under Deng Xiaoping has been characterized by decreasing state ownership of the economy, the replacement of central planning mechanisms with market-based ones that are also used in Western capitalist nations, and even going as far as removing governmental social <<b>bb>>welfareb>bb>> services that are commonly found in most capitalist nations. | | | All socialist thinkers argue that unrestrained free market economics would generally result in profits for a few at the expense of the many. | | | There is general agreement among socialists and non-socialists that a socialist economy would not include private or estate ownership of large enterprises; there is less agreement on whether any such enterprises would be owned by society at large or (at least in some cases) owned cooperatively by their own workers. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism
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| | Course Outline |
| | The theory of economic <<b>bb>>welfareb>bb>> (<<b>bb>>welfareb>bb>> economics or normative economics) comprises the study of the tools by which the economist, as a scientist, can make normative statements about economic outcomes - it therefore is the basis for what economists have to say about policy. | | | The topics in the class fall loosely into four categories: <<b>bb>>welfareb>bb>> (normative) economics, public choice theory, property rights economics, and economic methodology. | | | It is the theory underlying the concepts of efficiency, market failure, policy economics, and benefit-cost analysis. |
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http://classes.agecon.wsu.edu/502/outline.htm
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| | A New Socialist Economics |
| | The goal of a socialist society in this regard is then to ensure that enterprise and trade is fair and unexploitative of the people and their interests, and that the <<b>bb>>welfareb>bb>> of society is not endangered by the abuse of such enterprise by capital. | | | Socialism is and will continue to be larger than its economics or issues of ownership; the centuries-old ideals of social, political, and economic justice transcend the confines of one school of economic thought. | | | While this "market socialist" approach would leave health, education and utilities under public ownership, transportation, telecommunications, and most other large industries would remain in private hands, but would be strongly regulated to assure their allegiance to people before profits. |
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http://socialist.org/NSE.html
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| | <<b>bb>>Welfareb>bb>> economics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | The basic <<b>bb>>welfareb>bb>> economics problem is to find the theoretical maximum of a social <<b>bb>>welfareb>bb>> function, subject to various constraints such as the state of technology in production, available natural resources, national infrastructure, and behavoural constraints such as consumer utility maximization and producer profit maximization. | | | <<b>bb>>Welfareb>bb>> economics is a branch of economics that uses microeconomic techniques to simultaneously determine the allocational efficiency of a macroeconomy and the income distribution consequences associated with it. | | | <<b>bb>>Welfareb>bb>> economics is concerned with the <<b>bb>>welfareb>bb>> of individuals, as opposed to groups, communities, or societies because it assumes that the individual is the basic unit of measurement. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_economics
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| | Department of Economics - Recent Publications |
| | Moffitt Robert A. "The Economics of Means-Tested Transfers", Tax Policy and the Economy 2002. | | | Moffitt Robert A. "Explaining <<b>bb>>Welfareb>bb>> Reform: Public Choice and the Labor Market," International Tax and Public Finance, 1999. | | | Moffitt Robert A. "<<b>bb>>Welfareb>bb>> Benefits in U.S. Time Series," American Economic Review,, May 2000. |
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http://www.econ.jhu.edu/pubs.html
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| | Economics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | John Maynard Keynes once remarked that "Economics is the science of thinking." Broadly, the history of the study moved from the study of "wealth" to "<<b>bb>>welfareb>bb>>" to the idea of studying trade-offs. | | | Economics (from the Greek οίκος [oikos], 'family, household, estate', and νομος [nomos], 'custom, law', hence "household management" and "management of the state") is a social science that typically studies the production, distribution, trade and consumption of goods and services. | | | Both "economy" and "economics" are derived from the Greek oikos- for "house" or "settlement", and nomos for "laws" or "norms". |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics
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| | The Imaginary Evils of Deflation - Mises Institute |
| | Bank credit deflation, Salerno asserts, âhas a salutary effect on the economy and enhances the welfare of market participantsâ¦.Bank credit deflation is a benign and purgative market adjustment process.â Obviously, you cannot have a bank credit deflation without first having bank credit inflation. | | | Deflation is popularly defined as a general fall in prices; it is the opposite of what most people generally think of as inflation. | | | Despite the beneficial effect of bank runs and credit deflation in helping to check credit inflation, it is hard to imagine any widespread bank failures given the hyper-interventionist government we live with today and the ease with which money can be created. |
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http://www.mises.org/fullstory.asp?control=1040
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| | toc.htm |
| | Keynesian economics was beautifully tailored to be the intellectual armor for the modern <<b>bb>>Welfareb>bb>> State, for interventionism and statism on a vast and mighty scale. | | | Until Keynes, economics had provided an unpopular bulwark against inflation and deficit spending; but now with Keynes, and armed with his cloudy obscure, and quasi-mathematical jargon, economists could rush into a popular and profitable coalition with politicians and governments anxious to expand their influence and power. | | | Furthermore, he realized that economics was more and more coming under the spell of new and unsound methodologies: in particular of “institutionalism,” which basically denied economics altogether, and of “positivism,” which increasingly and misleadingly attempted to construct economic theory on the same basis as the physical sciences. |
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http://www.libertarianpress.com/rothbard/essential/toc.htm
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| | Economics and Economic Justice |
| | Samuelson 1967), and there is some ambiguity in Arrow (1951) about whether, in an economic context, the best application of the theorem is about individual self-centered tastes over personal consumptions, in which case it is indeed relevant to <<b>bb>>welfareb>bb>> economics, or about individual ethical values about general allocations. | | | <<b>bb>>Welfareb>bb>> economics is the traditional generic label of normative economics, but, in spite of substantial variations between authors, it now tends to be associated with a particular subcontinent of this domain, maybe as a result of the development of "non-welfarist" approaches and of approaches with a broader scope, such as the theory of social choice. | | | Interestingly, Nash relied on the axiomatic analysis just like Arrow, so that both can be given credit for the introduction of this method in normative economics. |
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http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/economic-justice/
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| | Towards Sustainable Consumption: Economics and Ethical Concerns for the Environment in Consumer Choices. |
| | Towards Sustainable Consumption: Economics and Ethical Concerns for the Environment in Consumer Choices. | | | Home >> Journals List >> Review of Social Economy >> Towards Sustainable Consumption: Economics and Ethical Concerns for the Environment in Consumer Choices. | | | The article examines individual action informed by ethical concerns for the environment as a strategy for moving toward more sustainable consumption. |
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http://netec.wustl.edu/WoPEc/data/Articles/tafrsocecv:59:y:2001:i:2:p:227-48.html
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| | Online TDM Encyclopedia - Sustainable Transportation and TDM |
| | Conventional economics defines people primarily as consumers, with the implication that the way to improve social <<b>bb>>welfareb>bb>> (i.e., to make people better off) is too maximize consumption of market goods (as reflected in GDP). | | | As a result, it questions common economic indicators such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which measure the quantity but not the quality of market activities. | | | Within a sustainable society it is also expected that every individual will have a right to a better quality of life, which would include having adequate food, education, employment and housing, and for this to occur stable economic growth will be required. |
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http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/tdm67.htm
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| | Earth Economics |
| | In light of scale concerns, a key goal of ecological economics is to maximize human <<b>bb>>welfareb>bb>> while stabilizing or reducing the amount of physical matter and energy (called "throughput") moving through the economy from useful resources to wastes. | | | Ecological economics recognizes that much value is held in both human-created capital and natural capital. | | | However, when it comes to international economics, there may be countervailing considerations that are may decrease or outweigh the gains from specialization and exchange. |
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http://www.a-p-e-x.org/ecolecon/ee_centralconcepts.html
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| | What's Wrong with Economics and how can it be Fixed |
| | Conventional economics may attempt to answer questions such as how changing transport and communications technologies alter the optimal location of homes, work and optimal routes for commuters in a neighbourhood (where optimal is considered as providing the best results relative to costs), but does not have the tools to consider all round social <<b>bb>>welfareb>bb>>. | | | Generally, in economics, the opportunity cost of any option is the amount of other goods and services which could have been obtained instead of any particular good or service. | | | A theme that runs through conventional economics is that there is a distinction between private choices and public choices or the private sector and the public sector. |
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http://www.trend-one.com/new-1620359-4519.html
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| | ASSA CALL for PAPERS |
| | Both members and nonmembers of the Association for Social Economics are invited to submit proposals. | | | Social economists such as Ryan have long fought for a decent standard of living, through paid work and <<b>bb>>welfareb>bb>> state supplements. | | | The theme of papers for the 2006 meetings will be how economies across the globe come to understand what constitutes a living and how we can improve living standards, including balancing paid work with family life and civic responsibility. |
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http://www.socialeconomics.org/callassa.htm
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| | Why Keynes Lives |
| | Keynesian economics will evolve--just as Marxism has evolved into political correctness and <<b>bb>>welfareb>bb>> state socialism is evolving into "the third way"--but it won't die. | | | Extolling the spontaneous order of the market is no way to sell government plans, but espousing Keynesian economics is. Keynesian economics may not be the government planners' Joe Camel--income inequality is the planners' Joe Camel--but it is no doubt the most effective way for government planners to hawk macroeconomic planning. | | | The macroeconomics of the government planning class will be Keynesian economics. |
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http://www.mises.org/freemarket_detail.asp?control=6&sortorder=articledate
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| | Week 10 |
| | The four basic principles of humanistic economics are: a normative orientation rejecting pure positive economics; a <<b>bb>>welfareb>bb>> standard explicitly expressed in terms of human <<b>bb>>welfareb>bb>> rather than economic or social <<b>bb>>welfareb>bb>>; the a priori ethical assumption of human equality; and an epistemology that rejects the doctrine that science can account for all relevant phenomena. | | | The approach to environmental economics described here reflects the approach taken by Australian government and Business Council of Australia in the sustainable development process. | | | Another practical example of green economics is the Community Credit Cooperative, the best known of which in Australia is at Maleny in Queensland. |
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http://wwwsshe.murdoch.edu.au/istp/units/s543/week_10.html
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| | Privatization vs. <<b>bb>>Welfareb>bb>> State: Israel's Economic Crisis |
| | Netanyahu and his backers talk economics, stating their case in terms of credit ratings, inflation, growth and budget deficits. | | | The political upshot is a sharp decline in commitment to those institutions which depend on a sense of solidarity: progressive taxation, public education and the <<b>bb>>welfareb>bb>> state. | | | To the Left, a large public sector is a powerful driving force (note, for example, the place of an effective, well funded education system in guaranteeing economic success in a modern, high-tech world). |
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http://www.wzo.org.il/en/resources/view.asp?id=1851
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| | Wiley::Managerial and Decision Economics |
| | Compared to other journals in economics, the focus of this journal is more normative than positive and the viewpoint is focused on managerial efficiency and firm profitability rather than on social <<b>bb>>welfareb>bb>>. | | | Economics may be used to analyze accounting issues. | | | Managerial and Decision Economics will publish articles applying economic reasoning to managerial decision-making and management strategy.Management strategy concerns practical decisions that managers face about how to compete, how to succeed, and how to organize to achieve their goals. |
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http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-MDE.html
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| | INSTITUTE FOR TRANSPORT STUDIES (ITS)- UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS, LEEDS, UK, POSTGRADUATE (GRADUATE) PROGRAMMES / PROGRAMS - |
| | In the first semester students take four modules in <<b>bb>>welfareb>bb>> economics and cost benefit analysis; principles of transport economics; principles of transport modelling; and econometrics. | | | The course is recognised by the Institute of Logistics and Transport as satisfying completely their educational requirements for chartered membership (MCIT) and provides exemption from the educational requirements of the Institution of Highways and Transportation (MIHT). | | | The programme examines the economic problems of transport operations and planning at firm, local and national government levels. |
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http://www.ceebd.co.uk/ceeed/un/uk/ukul0031.htm
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| | EconLog, European Productivity, Arnold Kling: Library of Economics and Liberty |
| | The ability of these countries to surpass U.S. productivity in 2002 suggests that their comprehensive <<b>bb>>welfareb>bb>> and collective-bargaining systems have not stymied income growth or improvements in economic efficiency relative to the more free-market-oriented U.S. Actually, it suggests no such thing. | | | Of course, from the employee's POV, the most important issue between economic depressions is getting the seemingly recalcitrant employer to, "Show me the money." when he is far more productive than "the coin", and the executives are raking in huge cash and option while seeming to fail to "materialize the coin", themselves. | | | The economic structure of a democracy is not imposed by malevolent outsiders. |
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http://econlog.econlib.org/archives/2004/08/european_produc.html
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| | Getting Business Off the Public Dole |
| | And the practice is contrary to principles of economics to which business is itself committed, making business dependent upon public <<b>bb>>welfareb>bb>>, undermining self-sufficiency, and distorting so-called free-market investments by allowing some businesses to pay less than the full costs of their operations. | | | It finds that the free use and destruction of these resources amounts to a <<b>bb>>welfareb>bb>> subsidy to business that is contrary to the so-called free-market principles to which business claims to be committed, and contrary to the public interest. | | | It is negligent, even reckless management of public money for officials simply to assume that the community will get some payback in jobs or a booming economy from public expenditures on infrastructure for business. |
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http://heed.home.igc.org/publications/dole.html
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